离子束介导玉米DNA影响水稻幼苗根系蛋白水解酶的表达

利用离子束介导法把玉米DNA导入水稻豫粳6号种子胚中,通过复性电泳技术,分析水稻幼苗根系中蛋白水解酶在pH4.5、pH7.0和pH8.5的表达情况.结果表明:(1)在不同pH条件下处理,各蛋白水解酶种类与活性存在差异,酸性、中性、碱性条件下,检到的蛋白水解酶酶带依次增多,酸性条件下酶活性较弱,中性和碱性条件下酶活性较强;(2)在3种pH条件下,离子束辐照处理均有部分蛋白水解酶带缺失,同时,在中性和碱性条件下检出50kD新酶带,说明离子束辐照可影响水稻蛋白水解酶表达;(3)离子束介导玉米DNA水稻幼苗根系中,pH4.5时无新蛋白水解酶酶带检出,pH7.0和pH8.5时均检到多条新酶带且活性较强.说明离子束介导玉米DNA引起水稻幼根蛋白水解酶表达发生变化.     

A novel form of Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (LG-TIRFM) reveals different and independent lipid raft domains in living cells

In the present study we have applied a novel form of Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (LG-TIRFM) in combination with fluorescently labeled cholera toxin to the study of lipid rafts dynamics in living cells. We demonstrate the usefulness of such approach by showing the dynamic formation/disaggregation of islands of cholera toxin on the surface of cells. Using multicolor LG-TIRFM with co-localization studies we show for the first time that two receptors previously identified as constituents of lipid rafts are found on different and independent “raft domains” on the cell plasma membrane. Furthermore, LG-TIRFM studies revealed limited association and dissociation of both domains overtime on different areas of the plasma membrane. The implications of different “raft domains” on cell physiology are discussed.     

Mutation breeding of chitosanase-producing strain Bacillus sp. S65 by low-energy ion implantation

In order to obtain an industrial strain with higher chitosanase yield, the wild strain Bacillus sp. S65 cells were mutated by a novel mutagen, nitrogen ion beam, with energy of 15 keV and dose ranging from 2.6 × 10¹⁴ to 5.2 × 10¹⁵ ions/cm². One mutant, s65F5 with high yield of chitosanase was isolated. Results showed that the production of chitosanase of s65F5 was dramatically increased from 4.1 U/ml in s65 to 25 U/ml by ion beam implantation, while the fermentation time was shortened from 72 to 56 h, both of which greatly increased efficiency and reduced the cost of industrial production. Besides, the mutagenic effects of low-energy ion beam on survival rate showed characteristic down–up–down pattern, which was different from the traditional mutagens such as UV and γ-ray and the possible mutation mechanism was discussed.     

An experimental approach to modeling the strength of canine teeth

The strength of canine teeth in several carnivores is found through direct fracture experiments. The average forces required to break the canines of adult animals are coyote 1170 N, red fox 533 N, bobcat 737 N and raccoon 512 N. Stresses created in teeth at the breaking load are predicted by finite-element analysis and beam theory. The ultimate tensile stress sustainable in these teeth is 338 MPa in adult animals. The large pulp cavity in the canines of young animals significantly weakens the bases of their teeth (by about 25%), but as the animal ages the pulp cavity decreases and has little effect on overall tooth strength. The tooth material of young of the year is significantly weaker than that from older animals (by about 35%). With the experimentally derived ultimate tensile stress, finite-element analysis can estimate the breaking load of canines for several carnivores. A significant allometric relationship exists between log of body weight and log of strength of tooth (slope=0.81).     

Changes in DNA base sequences in the mutant of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis> induced by low-energy N<Superscript>+</Superscript> implantation

To reveal the mutation effect of low-energy ion implantation on Ambidopsis thaliana in vivo, T80II, a stable dwarf mutant, derived from the seeds irradiated by 30 keV N⁺ with the dose of 80 X 10¹⁵ ions/cm² was used for Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and base sequence analysis. The results indicated that among total 397 RAPD bands observed, 52 bands in T80II were different from those of wild type showing a variation frequency 13.1%. In comparison with the sequences of A. thaliana in GenBank, the RAPD fragments in T80II were changed greatly in base sequences with an average rate of one base change per 16.8 bases. The types of base changes included base transition, transversion, deletion and insertion. Among the 275 base changes detected, single base substitutions (97.09%) occurred more frequently than base deletions and insertions (2.91%). And the frequency of base transitions (66.55%) was higher than that of base transversions (30.55%). Adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine could be replaced by any of other three bases in cloned DNA fragments in T80II. It seems that thymine was more sensitive to the irradiation than other bases. The flanking sequences of the base changes in RAPD fragments in T80II were analyzed and the mutational “hotspot” induced by low-energy ion implantation was discussed.     

Solar UV-B and visible radiation in tropical forest gaps: measurements partitioning direct and diffuse radiation

Solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation penetrates plant canopies to a different degree than photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) because UV-B is diffused to a greater degree by the atmosphere. We measured both global (total) and diffuse solar radiation in canopy gaps of a semideciduous tropical forest in Panama. Measurements were simultaneously made in the UV-B and PAR wavebands. Compared to unobstructed measurements taken outside the forest, the sunlit portions of gaps were depleted in the proportion of UV-B relative to PAR, especially at midday. Shaded areas, in contrast, were always richer in UV-B relative to PAR, but the magnitude of the change varied greatly. Presumably this variation was due to the differences in the directional nature of diffuse solar UV-B radiation as compared to diffuse PAR. Measurements in the gaps showed substantial reductions in the proportion of radiation in the diffuse components of both the UV-B and PAR wavebands. However, because of the greater proportion of UV-B which is diffuse, it tended to predominate in shaded areas. Similar patterns were seen in measurements taken at temperate latitudes. Response of shade- and gap-dwelling plants to these high UV-B:PAR ratios has received little attention.     

The mobile epifauna of the soft bottoms in the subtidal Oosterschelde estuary: structure,function and impact of the storm-surge barrier

Data on the mobile epifauna of the Oosterschelde estuary, collected by beam trawl, were compiled from several studies. Multivariate statistical techniques brought out the fact that the Oosterschelde, when compared with neighbouring areas, has a characteristic epibenthic fauna. Diversity as measured by Hill's diversity numbers N through N ₊ , is higher for the Oosterschelde (N₁ = 4.5) than for the Voordelta (N₁ = 3.5) and the Westerschelde (N₁ = 2.2).Four epifaunal communities can be distinguished within the Oosterschelde, the two most seaward communities being the richest. Annual production is estimated at about 6 gADW m^–2 yr^–1, annual consumption is estimated at over 25 gADW m^–2 yr^–1. These results are highly dependent on the assumptions. Over 85% of the epibenthic production and consumption in the Oosterschelde is accounted for by only six species: starfish Asterias rubens, plaice Pleuronectes platessa, bib Trisopterus luscus, brown shrimp Crangon crangon, shore crab Carcinus maenas and dab Limanda limanda. In spite of its abundance, the sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus contributes little to the production.From the available data it is difficult to assess the impact of the construction of the storm-surge barrier and the compartmentalization dams on the epibenthic fauna. The increase in flatfish in the Hammen area is probably linked to the decrease in current velocities in that area. On the other hand the increase in the gadoids bib and whiting Merlangius merlangus is predominantly due to the stronger year classes in the post-barrier time period. Lower nutrient inputs through the Northern branch, in combination with the increase of the gadoids, may have caused the decline of the brown shrimp in the Oosterschelde. A decrease has also been observed in the sandeel Ammodytes tobianus and the hooknose Agonus cataphractus.     

小麦等离子束处理的生物学效应研究

本文以早熟品种冀麦31号和晚熟品系88—4284萌动种子为材料,报道了等离子束处理对小麦种子萌发的影响和细胞学效应。观察表明,等离子束长时间处理抑制种子发芽。在根尖细胞有丝分裂中期观察到染色体断裂和断片,冀麦31号染色体断裂的频率为0.49—1.34％,88—4284为0.21—2.14％。随着处理时间延长,染色体断裂频率逐渐提高。有丝分裂后期和末期出现大量的落后染色单体和染色体桥。在花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ,经过等离子束处理的材料出现环状单价体。后期Ⅰ观察到染色体倒位造成的染色体桥和断片。在四分体期还有微核出现。     

离子束介导GUS基因转化拟南芥种子的研究

以拟南芥种子为研究对象,研究离子束介导GUS基因导入拟南芥种子的转化效果。结果表明:直接注入干种子后进行转化,未得到瞬间表达的结果。而注入玻璃化保护后的2天龄幼苗,再进行转化,转化效果明显提高,得到了大约10%的瞬间表达。揭示对于像拟南芥这样的小粒种子,采用幼苗注入后转化,效果可能会更好一些。     

超低能离子束注入后番茄的生物学效应

利用超低能氮离子束注入河南四号番茄干种子,观察发芽率及田间农艺性状的表现,采用聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳的方法分析M0代、M1代幼苗期过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶的变化。结果表明,不同剂量间芽率的变化幅度较小,其总趋势是先升高后略微下降,呈现“马鞍型”曲线。但在幼苗期群体内某些单株的子叶呈镰刀型,其刺激效应十分明显,并且在7×1017N /cm2剂量下M1材料中发现5株突出的变异单株,呈细叶型、长花瓣,株型、果形已发生明显得变异,并且已经稳定遗传到第四代。同工酶分析显示:超低能离子束注入河南四号番茄后不同剂量间POD酶活性有差异,比对照酶活性增强,M1代突变体的POD酶活增强更显著;EST同工酶的活性表现不同,M1-1酶谱的带数比对照少四条,M1-2比对照多出四条,且主酶带比对照颜色深。由此认为,超低能离子注入技术对番茄的遗传改良有一定效果。