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71.
Summary A simple E.COSY type technique is described for measurement of two-bond JCOH coupling constants in proteins that are uniformly enriched with13C. The method has been used to measure2JCOH for 132 residues in the proteins calmodulin and staphylococcal nuclease having non-overlapping H–C correlations. Measured2JCOH coupling constants fall in the 0 to –9.5 Hz range. A separate experiment, measuring the accuracy of these values, indicates a root-mean-square error of 1 Hz. Comparison of the J couplings with the dihedral back bone angles from crystallographic studies confirms a weak but statistically significant correlation between the dihedral angle and the magnitude of2JCOH, but also indicates that parameters other than have a significant effect on the value of the coupling. 相似文献
72.
Summary We describe a simple method for determining the overall fold of a polypeptide chain from NOE-derived distance restraints. The method uses a reduced representation consisting of two particles per residue, and a force field containing pseudo-bond and pseudo-angle terms, an electrostatic term, but no van der Waals or hard shell repulsive terms. The method is fast and robust, requiring relatively few distance restraints to approximate the correct fold, and the correct mirror image is readily determined. The method is easily implemented using commercially available molecular modeling software. 相似文献
73.
日益加剧的人类干扰和景观破碎化已危及全球的生物多样性。自然保护成为人类所面临的最重要也最富有挑战性的任务。指导这一实践的理论和原则极为需要。本文试图综述与自然保护科学有关的几个学科在理论和实际研究(尤其是模型)方面的近期成果以及发展趋势,从而提出自然保护模型的发展方向。文中涉猎基于不同方法论、不同组织水平的模型,并对数学模型在自然保护科学中的作用和实用性加以讨论。 相似文献
74.
提出两种功能互相不同的神经细胞组成的复合神经元网络(CNN)模型;导出一种特殊结构的CNN的并行动力学;而且证明了它的稳定性。在这些结果基础上,得到快速的假逆矩阵学习算法。计算机仿真试验证实学习算法与动力学稳定性的正确性,并表现出良好的容错性能与存储容量。 相似文献
75.
Characteristics of dispersal in sexually mature dragonflies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract.
- 1 The population dynamics of a natural population of Sympetrum danae (Sulzer) were studied, by means of a mark—release—recapture method, to find indications of dispersal by mature adults. Additional information on orientation and the influence of phenotype (including age), density and weather was obtained by observations under natural conditions and in a large outdoor field cage.
- 2 80% of all mature adults caught around the natural pond were estimated to be immigrants. Considerable immigration was confirmed by the abdomen length of unmarked matures which did not accord with that expected from the locally emerged population. Total numbers captured and the minimum number known to be alive fell sharply at the time when most individuals were mature. At the same time, new matures continued to enter and disappear from the study area at an increasing rate.
- 3 Dispersive behaviour (escape flights) in the field enclosure was primarily age dependent in both sexes: it occurred from an age of 25–30 days onwards. This coincides with the time-lag between the emergence peak and increased dispersal in the field. Secondary effects on escape flights suggested that males tended to abandon low density areas.
- 4 Males flew relatively more southward than females.
76.
Seasonal dynamics of the zoobenthic communities in the mesohaline zone of the Loire estuary (France) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The application of correspondence factorial analysis to four types of sediment in the upper reaches of the Loire estuary enabled the significance of environmental factors in the spatial distribution, abundance and seasonal dynamics of the biotic communities to be determined. In coarse sand, the communities are stable but species are few in number and population densities are low. In muddy sediments (from muddy sand to fluid mud) population densities are high but undergo seasonal fluctuations due to changes in the hydrological regime (especially the dissolved oxygen regime). This is true for the composition of the biotic communities. The oligohaline phase, in which the fluvial element is predominant, is characterized by abundance maxima due to freshwater species. The mesohaline phase, in which the marine element is predominant, exerts a restrictive action on population densities; certain species are supplanted by others, their development being governed by the quality of the environment. 相似文献
77.
78.
Horizontal distribution of crustaceans in Lake Glubokoe 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
O. S. Boikova 《Hydrobiologia》1986,141(1-2):113-123
A study has been made on the distribution of crustaceans along a profile of 6–9 stations from depths of less than 2 m to 20
m, in summer, autumn and early spring. The species composition, abundance, size-frequency distribution, biomass and diurnal
dynamics were estimated. Many species abundant in the pelagic zone were found to be absent or scarce out to depths of 5 m.
In the daytime, at depths out to 3 m, crustaceans greater than 1.0 mm were seldom found, while those 0.15–0.40 mm long were
most abundant. At depths out to 5 m, not only was the total average size of crustaceans found to be smaller, but also that
of individual species, including small ones: Ceriodaphnia and Chydorus. The biomass of crustaceans in shallow water and in the open lake differs in summer by more than 100 times, and in late autumn
and early spring by more than 10 times. At the depth of 1 m, in none of the seasons did it exceed 0.026 mg l-1. All the crustaceans except for nauplii and Chydorus considerably increased in numbers in the shallow water at night.
The impoverishment of the littoral plankton in Lake Glubokoe is regarded as a specific case of the well-known phenomenon of
‘avoidance of the littoral’ by euplankton (Hutchinson, 1967; Kiselyov, 1980). It is pointed out that there is a possible relationship
between diurnal horizontal migrations of plantivorous fish and the impoverishment of plankton near the shore. An attempt has
been made to substantiate the assumption that the ‘avoidance of the littoral’ by pelagic crustaceans is due to high numbers
of fish in shallow water. 相似文献
79.
The seasonality of phytoplankton in African lakes 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
J. F. Talling 《Hydrobiologia》1986,138(1):139-160
Although some study of the subject began in 1899, wide-ranging information from African water-bodies has only become available since 1950. Important developments included the establishment of long-term centres of research, the adoption of improved methods for quantitative algal sampling, the more intensive study of environmental conditions, the beginnings of experimental testing, and the improvement of taxonomic knowledge.At higher latitudes (> 20 °) examples of pronounced algal seasonality are long-established; they are accompanied and influenced by marked changes in radiant energy income and so water temperature, and often by effects of seasonal water input. Illustrations are given from lakes in Morocco and South Africa.More generally in Africa, including the tropical belt, annual patterns of phytoplankton seasonality are usually either dominated by hydrological features (water input-output) or by hydrographic ones (water-column structure and circulation). Examples of both types are discussed, together with instances (e.g. L. Volta) of combined hydrological and hydrographic regulation. In both the seasonal abundance of diatoms is often distinct and complementary to that of blue-green algae, with differing relationships to vertical mixing and water retention.Horizontal variability in the seasonal cycle is especially pronounced in the larger or morphometrically subdivided lakes. Some inshore-offshore differentiation is also known to affect phytoplankton quantity (e.g. L. George) and species composition (e.g. L. Victoria). Longitudinal differentiation is common in elongate basins especially when with a massive or seasonal inflow at one end (e.g. L. Turkana, L. Nubia, L. Volta); occasional terminal upwelling can also be influential (e.g. southern L. Tanganyika). Such examples grade into the longitudinally differentiated seasonality of flowing river-reservoir systems, as studied on the Blue and White Niles.The annual amplitude of population density, expressed in orders of magnitude (=log10 units), is one measure of seasonal variability. It can exceed 3 orders both in systems subject to hydrological wash-out (e.g. Nile reservoirs) and in the more variable species components of lakes of long retention (e.g. L. Victoria). Low amplitudes can be characteristic of some components (e.g. green algae in L. Victoria) or of total algal biomass (e.g. L. George, L. Sibaya).Seasonal changes may be subordinated to inter-annual ones, especially in shallow and hydrologically unstable lakes (e.g. L. Nakuru). 相似文献
80.
I. Colin Prentice 《Plant Ecology》1986,67(2):131-141
Vegetation responses to climatic change can be studied retrospectively by utilizing the Quaternary fossil record. There has been controversy over the extent to which major changes in vegetation patterns at the continental scale lag behind the climatic changes that drive them, and to what extent vegetation can ever be said to be in equilibrium with climate. The equilibrium question has no single answer. The predominant mode of vegetation response to climatic change depends on the space and time frame and resolution of the data set in which the response is observed.Vegetation (as observed on particular space and time scales) can be in dynamic equilibrium with climate if its response time is sufficiently fast in relation to the rate of climatic change to which it is observed to be responding. Several processes can be involved in the response: successional, migrational, edaphic, and evolutionary. Successional response times can be deduced from forest succession models. The other processes are less well understood and different ideas exist concerning their rates. According to one hypothesis, migrational lags caused delays of thousands of years in the postglacial dynamics of forest composition. The alternative hypothesis explains these changes as dynamic equilibrium responses to changes in climatic seasonality and climatic anomaly patterns. Neither hypothesis need be universally true; gradient analysis and forest succession models are among the techniques that can be used in inferential tests of these hypotheses for particular space-time regions.Dynamic equilibrium may often be a reasonable approximation for the responses of the broadest continental-scale forest patterns to orbitally induced climatic changes. But as spatial and temporal frames of observation are diminished and resolution increased, biotic processes must eventually come to dominate. At sufficiently fine scales the main observable phenomena are successional responses to natural disturbance events. The late-Quaternary record of vegetation change allows a choice of observation scales and thus provides a continuum of possibilities for study, ranging from long-term dynamic bioclimatology to more conventional vegetation dynamics.I thank Margaret Davis, Honor Prentice, Jim Ritchie, Al Solomon, Geoff Spaulding and Tom Webb for their reviews of earlier drafts. Research supported by a US Department of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, grant to Brown University and a Swedish Natural Science Research Council grant to the project SlsSimulation of Natural Forest Dynamics.I thank Margaret Davis, Honor Prentice, Jim Ritchie, Al Solomon, Geoff Spaulding and Tom Webb for their reviews of earlier drafts. Research supported by a US Department of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, grant to Brown University and a Swedish Natural Science Research Council grant to the project SlsSimulation of Natural Forest Dynamics. 相似文献