利用12个血液蛋白和非蛋白标记分析同羊起源及系统地位

采用典型群随机抽样在陕西省白水县抽取同羊样本。采用淀粉凝胶和醋酸纤维薄膜检测12个的结构基因座位的遗传多型性,结果在同羊中发现10个多型座位：运铁蛋白（Tf）、碱性磷酸酶（Alp）、亮氨酸氨肽酶（Lap）、芳基酯酶（Ary-Es）、血红蛋白β（Hb-β）、X-蛋白（X-p）、碳酸酐酶（CA）、过氧化氢酶（Cat）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）和赖氨酸（Ly）;而白蛋白（Al）和后白蛋白（Po）为单态。采用遗传贴近度和系统关系聚类分析两种方法分析同羊起源及系统地位。结果表明两种方法均支持同羊属于蒙古羊系统,同羊起源于蒙古羊,这与同羊的育成史实相符。和聚类分析方法相比,遗传贴近度分析方法可以更为有效地用于中亚以东南绵羊群体的血统判别,可以更有效地反映同羊的育成过程。     

1 067例不同年龄及地域人群肠道菌群特征

目的探索不同人群在不同年龄阶段的菌群结构特点,了解环境因素对肠道菌群组成及发展的影响。方法收集65例中国健康儿童粪便样本并进行16S rRNA检测,同时从已发表文献中获取来自亚洲、非洲、欧洲、北美洲及南美洲国家的1 002例健康人群肠道菌群数据,分析来自不同年龄阶段健康人群肠道菌群的特征。结果 3岁以下全球各地儿童肠道菌群的种类较为一致:拟杆菌属和双歧杆菌属在儿童肠道菌群中占据主导地位,且它们在免疫调节上有重要作用。3岁以上健康人群的肠道菌群则展示出了地域性特征:亚洲健康人群的肠道代表菌属为考拉杆菌属和巨单胞菌属,非洲健康人群的肠道代表菌属为粪杆菌属,欧洲健康人群的肠道代表菌属也是粪杆菌属,北美洲健康人群的肠道代表菌属为拟杆菌属,南美洲健康人群的肠道代表菌属为普氏菌属。另外,经济较发达的欧洲及北美洲健康人群的肠道菌群多样性显著高于其他经济较落后地区。结论本研究加深了对不同地域人群肠道菌群特点以及它们随年龄增长而发展变化的认识。     

Grazing multispecies swards improves ewe and lamb performance

A two-year (2015 and 2016) grazing study was established to compare ewe and lamb performance when grazed on a perennial ryegrass only sward compared to more diverse sward types. In that study four sward types were investigated: a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) only sward receiving 163 kg nitrogen per hectare per year (N/ha/yr) (PRG); a perennial ryegrass and white clover (Trifolium repens) sward receiving 90 kg N/ha/yr (PRGWC); a six species sward (two grasses (perennial ryegrass and timothy (Phleum pratense)), two legumes (white and red clover (Trifolium pratense)) and two herbs (ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata) and chicory (Cichorium intybus)) receiving 90 kg N/ha/yr (6S); and a nine species sward containing cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), greater birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus pedunculatus) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium) in addition to the six species listed above, receiving 90 kg N/ha/yr (9S). Each sward type was managed as a separate farmlet and stocked with 30 twin-rearing ewes at a stocking rate of 12.5 ewes/ha under rotational grazing management from turnout post-lambing until housing. Lamb live weight was recorded fortnightly and lambs were drafted for slaughter at 45 kg. Ewe live weight and body condition score (BCS) were recorded on five occasions annually. Lamb faecal egg count (FEC) was recorded fortnightly and lambs were treated with anthelmintics when mean lamb FEC per sward type was above 400 eggs per gram. Ewes grazing the 6S and 9S swards had heavier (P < 0.01) live weights and BCS throughout the study than the ewes grazing the PRG sward. Lambs grazing the 6S sward were heavier than lambs grazing all other sward types of 14 weeks old (P < 0.05). Lambs grazing the PRG sward required more days to reach slaughter weight than lambs grazing all other sward types (P < 0.001). Lambs grazing the 6S and 9S swards required fewer anthelmintic treatments than lambs grazing the PRG or PRGWC swards. In conclusion, grazing multispecies swards improved ewe and lamb performance and reduced the requirement for chemical anthelmintics.     

Colonization of Northern Europe by Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera)

Northern and mountainous ice sheets have expanded and contracted many times due to ice ages. Consequently, temperate species have been confined to refugia during the glacial periods wherefrom they have recolonized warming northern habitats between ice ages. In this study, we compare the gene CYP405A2 between different populations of the common burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae from across the Western Palearctic region to illuminate the colonization history of this species. These data show two major clusters of Z. filipendulae populations possibly reflecting two different refugial populations during the last ice age. The two types of Z. filipendulae only co‐occur in Denmark, Sweden, and Scotland indicating that Northern Europe comprise the hybridization zone where individuals from two different refugia met after the last ice age. Bayesian phylogeographic and ecological clustering analyses show that one cluster probably derives from an Alpe Maritime refugium in Southern France with ancestral expansive tendencies to the British Isles in the west, touching Northern Europe up to Denmark and Sweden, and extending throughout Central Europe into the Balkans, the Peleponnes, and South East Europe. The second cluster encompasses East Anatolia as the source area, from where multiple independent dispersal events to Armenia, to the Alborz mountains in north‐western Iran, and to the Zagros mountains in western Iran are suggested. Consequently, the classical theory of refugia for European temperate species in the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas does not fit with the data from Z. filipendulae populations, which instead support more Northerly, mountainous refugia.     

湖南省阳明山山顶苔藓矮林优势种空间分布格局

山顶苔藓矮林是亚热带山地常绿阔叶林区在极端气候与环境条件下发育的一种群落变型,通过研究优势植物的分布格局与规模,可以有效地指导植被保护与管理活动。在湖南阳明山国家级自然保护区的山顶苔藓矮林区设置3个样地,应用相邻格子法对优势种云锦杜鹃(Rhododendron fortunei)进行每木调查,在不同取样尺度(面积)上采用方差/均值比率法(v/m)、负二项参数(k)、丛生指数(I)、平均拥挤度(m~*)、聚块性指数(m~*/m)、聚集指数(C_a)和格林指数(GI)等聚集强度指数对云锦杜鹃种群分布格局进行分析。结果表明:阳明山山顶苔藓矮林优势种云锦杜鹃种群在北、南、东三个方位上的空间分布格局总体上为聚集分布,随着取样尺度的增大,聚集格局强度和规模依次减弱;而山顶苔藓矮林优势种群不同年龄阶段的空间分布特征为随着种群年龄的增大,其空间分布格局呈聚集强向聚集弱、以至于向随机分布发展;阳明山山顶苔藓矮林优势种群及其分布格局形成的主要原因是云锦杜鹃种群本身的种子繁殖及传播方式和类营养繁殖等生物学特性及方位、坡向等环境因子影响所致。     

不同干燥方法对麦冬多元活性成分的影响

探究不同干燥方法对麦冬多元活性成分的影响。采用超快速液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱质谱(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS)同时测定不同干燥方法下麦冬中甾体皂苷、高异黄酮、氨基酸及核苷类共29种活性成分的含量;根据29种目标成分的含量,用聚类分析(HCA)及主成分分析(PCA)对不同干燥方法下麦冬进行综合评价。结果表明,29种目标成分在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0. 999 0;精密度、重复性、稳定性良好,RSD均小于5%;平均加样回收率为97. 02%～102. 78%,RSD均小于5%。PCA结果显示,以晒干、无硫烘干的麦冬样品综合质量较优。所建立的方法准确、可靠,可用于麦冬药材内在质量的综合评价,该研究可为揭示麦冬传统干燥方法科学内涵提供依据,同时为麦冬产地加工时干燥方法的优选提供基础资料。     

临床路径管理系统对医院运营效率的影响研究

目的 以某综合性三甲医院2010—2011年普通外科7个住院病种为研究对象,探讨临床路径管理应用系统对医院运营效率的影响。 方法 采用病例对照研究方法。 结果 (1) 研究组住院日中位数为11天,明显低于对照组住院日中位数（P＜0.05）;(2) 研究组平均住院费用为30 826.90元,对照组平均住院费用与研究组平均住院费用相比无显著差异（P＞0.05）。结论 医院临床路径管理系统可以有效的缩短患者住院天数,对于控制住院费用有间接控制作用,但没有直接降低住院费用。     

Slope-related variations in twig and leaf traits of Robinia pseudoacacia in the northern mountains of Lanzhou

 枝叶生长关系是植物在环境胁迫条件下提高空间资源利用能力的一种策略, 弄清枝叶生长关系对理解植物应对环境异质性的表型可塑性具有重要意义。该文利用ArcGIS建立研究区域的数字高程模型, 研究了兰州市北山不同坡向人工林刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)小枝茎截面积-总叶面积和出叶强度-单叶面积的生长关系。结果表明: 随着坡向由北坡向东坡、南坡和西坡转变, 刺槐林群落的郁闭度、高度和土壤含水量呈现先减小后增大的趋势, 刺槐小枝茎截面积、总叶面积和单叶面积呈现先减小后增大的趋势, 出叶强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势; 北坡、东坡、南坡和西坡4个坡向的刺槐小枝的茎截面积和总叶面积均呈显著的正相关关系(p < 0.05), 并存在显著大于1的共同斜率, 刺槐的出叶强度与单叶面积均呈显著的负相关关系(p < 0.05), 并存在接近于–1的共同斜率; 随着坡向由北坡向东坡、南坡和西坡转变, 茎截面积-总叶面积和出叶强度-单叶面积两组关系的回归方程截距呈现先减小后增大的趋势。刺槐枝叶在不同坡向上的异速生长关系反映了植物功能性状对生长环境的响应和适应, 以及植物构型构建的投资权衡机制。     

Cuticular wax variation in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), related wild species and their interspecific hybrids

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the world's most important vegetable crop species. Among the many tomato accessions available, only a few are tolerant to abiotic stresses, which are responsible for the majority of the crop losses worldwide. Wild tomato species are then secondary gene pool in the breeding of more resistant tomato cultivars. In the current study, the composition of leaf cuticular waxes from fourteen tomato accessions, including S. lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii, Solanum pimpinellifolium, and their interspecific hybrids was studied in order to select the most adequate chemotaxonomic markers. Total cuticular wax load of S. pennellii plants was much higher than in the other plant species. Hydrocarbons were usually the most abundant wax components, followed by minor quantities of triterpenes and other compounds. Interspecific hybrids showed intermediate wax characteristics. The amount and composition of surface waxes were not correlated with the abiotic stress tolerance in S. lycopersicum. The composition of the hydrocarbon fraction was the least variable both within a single accession and between all the plants studied. Based on the results, cuticular hydrocarbons are proposed as potential chemotaxonomic markers in the classification of tomato and related species.