Survival and growth of Cronobacter species (Enterobacter sakazakii) in wheat-based infant follow-on formulas

Aims:  To determine the survival and growth characteristics of Cronobacter species ( Enterobacter sakazakii ) in infant wheat-based formulas reconstituted with water, milk, grape juice or apple juice during storage.
Methods and Results:  Infant wheat-based formulas were reconstituted with water, ultra high temperature milk, pasteurized grape or apple juices. The reconstituted formulas were inoculated with Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter muytjensii and stored at 4, 25 or 37°C for up to 24 h. At 25 and 37°C, Cronobacter grew more (>5 log₁₀) in formulas reconstituted with water or milk than those prepared with grape or apple juices ( c. 2–3 log₁₀). The organism persisted, but did not grow in any formulas stored at 4°C. Formulas reconstituted with water and milk decreased from pH 6·0 to 4·8–5·0 after 24 h, whereas the pH of the formulas reconstituted with fruit juices remained at their initial pH values, c. pH 4·8–5·0.
Conclusions:  Cronobacter sakazakii and C. muytjensii can grow in reconstituted wheat-based formulas. If not immediately consumed, these formulas should be stored at refrigeration temperatures to reduce the risk of infant infection.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The results of this study will be of use to regulatory agencies and infant formula producers to recommend storage conditions that reduce the growth of Cronobacter in infant wheat-based formulas.     

Prevalence of Cronobacter species (Enterobacter sakazakii) in follow-on infant formulae and infant drinks

Aims:  To determine the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. ( Enterobacter sakazakii ) in follow-on formula powders commercially available in European countries.
Methods and Results:  A total of 470 samples comprising 31 different products from 18 brand names belonging to seven companies were tested for the presence of Cronobacter species. No milk- or soy-based infant formula powders were found to contain Cronobacter species . However, two cereal-based infant drinks were positive for Cronobacter sakazakii . A review of the published cases spanning the past 48 years did not reveal any fatalities attributable to Cronobacter spp. in children over 3 months.
Conclusions:  The low incidence of Cronobacter in infant powdered drinks, the lack of fatal Cronobacter infections in infants greater than 3 months and the low incidence of Cronobacter -related reported illness in this age group indicated that ingestion of these products presents a low risk for the intended consumers.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The risk posed to neonates from the consumption of infant formula contaminated with Cronobacter is clear. Risks associated with powdered follow-on formulae intended for consumption by older infants is now under consideration by the World Health Organization. Our data contributes to the body of knowledge available for the assessment of the risk to consumers from these food products.     

Milk ceruloplasmin is a valuable source of nutrient copper ions for mammalian newborns

This research focuses on the role of milk ceruloplasmin (Cp), the main extracellular copper-containing protein of vertebrates, as a source of copper for newborns. In the first part of the study, Cp concentration and Cp-associated copper were measured in human skimmed milk at the 1st and the 5th days postpartum. It was shown that most of the copper was associated with Cp and that the decrease in copper concentration during lactation was related to the drop of Cp levels. The following in vivo experiments demonstrated that milk [(125)I]Cp per os administered to 6-day-old rats (embryonic-type copper metabolism) was transported into their bloodstream. The electrophoretic mobility and relative molecular weight of [(125)I]Cp transferred through the cellular barrier remained unaltered. However, 22-day-old rats (adult-type copper metabolism) digested the administered milk [(125)I]Cp completely. In the final part of the study, newborn rats were fed with baby formula for 8d. It was found that these rats switched their copper metabolism from embryonic type to adult type earlier than their littermates fed by dams. Activation of Cp gene expression in the liver, increased Cp and copper concentrations in the blood, and reduced copper content of the liver were observed in the rats fed with baby formula. In the brain, no copper concentration change was observed, but Cp and copper concentrations were dramatically increased in the cerebrospinal fluid. The role of milk Cp as a source of copper adapted to embryonic-type copper metabolism is discussed.     

5%甲维盐微乳剂配方的研发及药效试验

针对5%甲维盐微乳剂利用率偏低的问题,筛选了增效作用显著、安全性高且持留量好的配方。通过筛选不同溶剂、助剂与测定其药液表面张力、铺展面积、叶片最大持留量等理化性能差异,研发出5%甲维盐微乳剂最佳配方。5%甲维盐微乳剂最佳配方为：甲维盐5%、乙醇25%、环己酮5%、602 5%,快速渗透剂T 4%,环氧大豆油3%,丙三醇3%,1#乳化剂20%,去离子水补足至100.0%。所制备的制剂性能稳定,质量可靠,各指标均符合微乳剂的相关标准要求。同时,田间防治效果表明,该制剂对月季Rosa chinensis（Jacq）上蓟马具有很好防治效果,优于市售的5%甲维盐微乳剂,对农药微乳剂配方开发具有借鉴作用。     

AFM对黄精赞育胶囊优选方处理前后大鼠弱精子超微结构的观察研究

目的:应用原子力显微镜技术实现对大鼠精子超微结构的实时成像,对比观察中药作用前后弱精子超微结构的变化.方法:制作少弱精症大鼠模型;运用非接触模式原子力显微镜技术对比观察正常精子和病理性精子在中药作用前后超微结构的动态变化.结果:获得精子头体、颈部和鞭毛等部位的实时超微结构图像.结论:AFM可直接探测精子头体的各种畸形,实现对精子全貌的观测.通过修复弱精子超微结构的病理形态学缺陷可能是黄精赞育胶囊优选方改善弱精子质量的机制之一.     

人工育幼豚鹿幼仔的生长发育规律初步研究

测定了成都动物园圈养种群中9只人工育幼豚鹿幼仔(2004～2007年)体重和8只豚鹿的体尺,并观察了8只豚鹿的牙齿(0～63 d)的生长情况.结果为:幼仔在0～54 d内体长、肩高、后足长、耳长和尾长以及体重都随日龄呈直线增长趋势,其中体长和肩高与幼仔的日龄显著相关(P<0.01).初生幼仔齿式2(I 0/2, C 0/0, P 0/0),2周龄齿式2(I 0/2,C 0/0, P 2/2),7周龄齿式2(I 0/2,C 0/2或C 1/2, P 2/2).     

AFM对黄精赞育胶囊优选方处理前后大鼠弱精子超微结构的观察研究（英文）

目的：应用原子力显微镜技术实现对大鼠精子超微结构的实时成像,对比观察中药作用前后弱精子超微结构的变化。方法：制作少弱精症大鼠模型;运用非接触模式原子力显微镜技术对比观察正常精子和病理性精子在中药作用前后超微结构的动态变化。结果：获得精子头体、颈部和鞭毛等部位的实时超微结构图像。结论：AFM可直接探测精子头体的各种畸形,实现对精子全貌的观测。通过修复弱精子超微结构的病理形态学缺陷可能是黄精赞育胶囊优选方改善弱精子质量的机制之一。     

Changes in area,geomorphology and sediment nature of salt marshes in the Oosterschelde estuary (SW Netherlands) due to tidal changes

As a result of the construction of a storm-surge barrier across the mouth of the Oosterschelde (SW Netherlands) in 1987, the tidal range and mean high water level in the estuary have been reduced permanently to about 88% of their original values. During the final stage of construction (1985–1987) the tidal range and mean high water level were reduced even further for more than 18 months, by up to about 65% of their original values. This paper describes the consequences of these reductions for some abiotic aspects of the salt marshes.Strong ripening of the soil, especially in basins of the middle high salt marshes, resulted in the soils in these basins having more or less the dry nature of levees. This may cause moisture deficits for the vegetation during dry periods locally, and may lead locally to acidification of the soil as a result of oxidation of pyrite.Erosion of the edges of the salt marshes has increased in many places since 1986, both due to lowering of the surface level of the foreland, causing wave action to affect the marsh cliff more strongly than before, and weakening of cliff strength as a consequence of desiccation of the salt marsh soil and subsequent withering of plants and plant roots. In addition, the gradual salt marsh gradients have decreased on a large scale, as a consequence of increased wave attack and frost damage to Spartina. Finally, also due to desiccation and plant withering, levees have degraded and eroded, forming shoulders in the creeks.Settling, especially in the basins, has steepened and narrowed the height gradients between basin and levee.