中国蟹蛛科（蜘蛛目）新种记述

记述我国蟹蛛科花蟹蛛属６新种和蟹蛛属２新种,共计８新种,金林花蟹蛛Ｘｙｓｔｉｃｕｓｊｉｎｌｉｎ,玛纳斯花蟹蛛Ｘ．ｍａｎａｓ,林芝花蟹蛛Ｘ．ｎｙｉｎｇｃｈｉｅｎｓｉｓ,拟斑花蟹蛛Ｘ．ｐａｒａｐｕｎｃｔａｔｕｓ,似旋花蟹蛛Ｘ．ｔｏｒｓｉｖｏｉｄｅｓ,吴氏花蟹蛛Ｘ．ｗｕａｅ,广西蟹蛛Ｔｈｏｍｉｓｕｓｇｕａｎｇｘｉｃｕｓ和胡氏蟹蛛Ｔ．ｈｕｉ。     

内蒙古道虎沟中侏罗世假古蝉属化石(同翅目,古蝉科)

描述古蝉科化石3新种,即多点假古蝉Pseudocossus punctulosus sp.nov.,美丽假古蝉P.bellus sp.nov.,弯脉假古蝉P.ancylivenius sp.nov..所有标本均采自内蒙古宁城道虎沟中侏罗世九龙山组,其中2个新种保存有完整的臀区.模式标本保存在首都师范大学生命科学学院.     

台湾海峡的砂壳纤毛虫研究(纤毛动物门:砂壳亚目)

依据壳体形态对台湾海峡南部0－40m水层的40种砂壳纤毛虫进行了观察,发现其中有3种新种,即倪氏表纹虫Epirhabdonella niei,Xu,Hong et Song,sp.nov.,网状条纹虫Rhabdonella reticulata Xu,Hong et Song.sp.nov,和钝条纹虫Rhabdonella obtusa Xu,Hong et Song,sp.nov.及17个中国新纪录种,同时确定新村网纹虫Favella shintsuensis Nie et Cheng,1947为一同物异名。     

中国锥瘿蚊属研究(双翅目：瘿蚊科)

记述了中国新纪录属,锥瘿蚊属Pseudoperomyia Jaschhof et Hippa一新种：鹦铗锥瘿蚊Pseudoperomyia psittacephala Li et Bu,sp.nov.,（正模产地：福建武夷山桐木）,及1中国新纪录种：小锥瘿蚊P.humilis Jaschhof et Hippa.（云南云龙）。新种与分布于马来西亚的Pseudoperomyia platystyla Jaschhof et Hippa相近,主要区别为新种生殖基节内突的根部很长;生殖端节形似鹦鹉头的外形;阳茎基钟罩形,中部不缢缩;生殖杆更长。模式标本4均保存于南开大学生物系昆早标本室。     

Reduction of superoxide production by mitochondria oxidizing NADH in the presence of organic acids

Effects of multiple substrates on oxygen uptake and superoxide production by mitochondria isolated from the pericarp tissue of green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were studied. Mitochondria isolated from peppers stored at 4 °C for 5 and 6 days had higher rates of oxygen uptake and were less sensitive to cyanide than mitochondria isolated from freshly harvested peppers. Succinate enhanced state 2 and state 4 rates of oxygen uptake with exogenous NADH in the absence of cytochrome path inhibitors, but not state 3 rates by mitochondria isolated from either freshly harvested or cold-stored bell peppers. The sensitivity of NADH oxidation to cyanide was reduced by both malate and succinate in mitochondria from cold-stored bell peppers, whereas only succinate was effective in mitochondria from freshly harvested peppers.Mitochondria isolated from both freshly harvested peppers and those stored at 4 °C for 5 and 6 days produced superoxide in the absence of exogenous substrates. Superoxide production by mitochondria from freshly harvested bell peppers increased when the mitochondria were supplied with malate, succinate or NADH, but only NADH enhanced superoxide production by mitochondria from cold-stored peppers. Both succinate and malate reduced the production of superoxide by mitochondria isolated from cold-stored bell peppers. Succinate and malate as second substrates also reduced the production of superoxide with NADH by mitochondria from both freshly harvested and cold-stored bell peppers. Malonate, a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, was inhibitory to oxygen uptake and to superoxide production.Mitochondria isolated from cold-stored bell peppers converted succinate to pyruvate at 25 °C at considerably higher rates than those of mitochondria from freshly harvested bell peppers. Since pyruvate has been shown to activate the alternative oxidase and the presence of pyruvate is essential for continued alternative oxidase activity, we suggest that pyruvate limits superoxide production by enhancing the flow of electrons through the alternative path. A direct scavenging of superoxide by succinate, malate and pyruvate, however, cannot be ruled out.     

Shoot organogenesis from cultured seed explants of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using thidiazuron

Summary Thidiazuron (TDZ) was utilized to induce adventitious shoot formation from the hypocotyl region of cultured seed explants of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Excision of the radicle from seed explants was more stimulatory to shoot initiation than removal of the epicotyl alone. Removal of both the radicle and the epicotyl from seeds resulted in a 37-fold increase in the frequency of shoot production when compared to intact seeds. Half seed explants with epicotyl and radicle removed produced the greatest number of shoots per explant. Explants from mature seeds were more responsive to TDZ than immature seed-derived explants. A 1-wk exposure to 10 μM TDZ was sufficient to stimulate the initiation of adventitious shoots that subsequently developed into plants. High frequency of shoot initiation was readily induced in a variety of genotypes ofA. hypogaea and a wild peanut (A. glabrata). Plants regenerated from shoots induced by TDZ were phenotypically normal and fertile.     

百山祖常绿阔叶林优势种群的生态位

为了理解百山祖中山常绿阔叶林备优势种群在群落中的关系、地位和功能,用定量分析法,对该群落中平均重要值大于1%的13个优势种群的生态位特征进行了研究。结果表明:多脉青冈、麂角杜鹃和窄基红褐柃的生态位宽度较大,它们的Hurlbert生态位宽度(B_a)分别为0.878、0.825、0.806;而厚叶红淡比、亮叶水青冈和水丝梨的生态位宽度较小,它们的B_a分别为0.341、0.320、0.272。物种的生态位宽度与其重要值大小无关,但与其在各样方中的重要值均匀程度呈极显著的线性正相关。生态位相似性比例(C_(ih))最大的是多脉青冈与尖连蕊茶(0.832),最小的是凸脉冬青和水丝梨(0.248)。对生境需求相似而生态位宽度较小的厚叶红淡比与亮叶水青冈的C_(ih)高达0.758。同属植物多脉青冈与褐叶青冈、台湾冬青与凸脉冬青之间并不具有较大的C_(ih)值。生态位宽度较大的物种与其他物种的生态位重叠值一般较大;生态位相似性比例大的物种的生态位重叠值一般较大。多脉青冈与褐叶青冈、台湾冬青与凸脉冬青的生态位重叠值并不大。总体来看,群落优势种群之间的生态位重叠程度较低,说明该群落主要优势种群之间竞争不激烈群落稳定。该研究揭示了群落优势种群的生态位特征和结构稳定性,为生物多样性保护、群落演替和种群进化等研究提供了理论基础,也为自然保护区管理机构制定和完善保护措施提供参考依据。     

宁夏黄土丘陵区不同生态恢复生境地表甲虫多样性

为了解宁夏黄土丘陵区不同生境地表甲虫群落多样性变化规律及与环境因子的关系, 并探讨不同生态恢复措施对维持地表甲虫群落多样性的影响, 2013年7-8月, 作者利用陷阱法调查了该区6种生境内的地表甲虫群落多样性。结果表明: 灌草混交林地、乔灌混交林地、生态薪炭林地中地表甲虫物种丰富度和个体数量均较高, 天然封育草地、生态经济林地和水平农田中物种丰富度较低, 生态经济林地和水平农田中甲虫个体数量显著高于天然封育草地。不同生境间, 灌草混交林地、乔灌混交林地与生态薪炭林地之间、生态经济林地与水平农田之间甲虫群落组成相似性较高。多元回归分析表明, 草本层生物量、灌木层盖度及土壤含水量是影响甲虫物种丰富度的决定因素, 林冠层盖度和枯落物厚度是决定地表甲虫个体数量的重要因素。CCA分析表明, 枯落物盖度、枯落物厚度、林冠层盖度及草本层盖度是影响地表甲虫群落组成的重要环境因子。研究表明, 灌草混交林地为地表甲虫群落多样性维持较好的生境类型, 是宁夏黄土丘陵区典型生态恢复的最优模式。     

Insulin on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress involves ROS/Ca2+ and Akt/Bcl-2 signaling pathways

Abstract

Oxidative stress is induced by excess accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Astrocytes are metabolically active cells in the brain and understanding astrocytic responses to oxidative stress is essential to understand brain pathologies. In addition to direct oxidative stress, exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) can penetrate biological membranes and enhance formation of other RONS. The present study was carried out to examine the role of insulin in H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in rat astrocytic cells. To measure changes in the viability of astrocytes at different concentrations of H₂O₂ for 3 h, a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT)-based assay was used and 500 μM H₂O₂ was selected to establish a model of H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. Further assays showed that 3 h of 500 μM H₂O₂-induced significant changes in the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ion (Ca²⁺) in C6 cells, with insulin able to effectively diminish H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage to C6 cells. Western blotting studies showed that insulin treatment of astrocytes increased the levels of phosphorylated Akt and magnified the decrease in total Bcl-2 protein. The protective effect of insulin treatment on H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in astrocytes by reducing apoptosis may relate to the PI3K/Akt pathway.