Aphid Transmission of Potato aucuba mosaic virus Strains Mediated by Different Strains of Potato virus Y

Three British strains of potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV) were tested for transmissibility by the aphid Myzus persicae. None was aphid transmissible on its own but all three were transmitted in the nonpersistent manner by aphids that had previously been fed on a source of the potyvirus potato virus Y (PVY). Different PVY strains mediated PAMV transmission from Nicotiana clevelandii to Capsicum annuum to different degrees, and different PAMV strains were transmitted at different frequencies when assisted by the same PVY strain. These results are compatible with the idea that subtle differences in the PAMV coat protein and in the PVY helper component are responsible for diffrences in frequencies of transmission of PAMV, without however, excluding the possibility of effects of other undefined factors. Transmission of PAMV was no less frequent when mediated by a PVY strain that was unable to infect C. annuum than when a C. annuum‐infecting PVY strain was used.     

施钾提高蚜害诱导的小麦茉莉酸含量和叶片相关防御酶活性

研究表明,施钾能够提高作物对蚜虫的抗性,但其机理尚不明确。试验采用营养液培养的方法,设置2 mmol/L和0.005mmol/L KCl两个钾浓度,分析不同钾水平培养下的小麦植株在蚜虫为害后,体内茉莉酸(JA)和水杨酸(SA)的含量和脂氧合酶(LOX)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)等防御酶活性的变化。结果表明,低钾胁迫显著降低了小麦体内JA和SA的含量,并且诱导LOX和POD酶活性增强,但是对PPO和PAL酶活性没有显著影响。蚜虫为害48 h后,高钾小麦体内JA含量显著高于低钾植株,而SA含量没有明显变化。高钾显著提高了蚜虫为害后小麦叶片中的LOX、PAL、PPO和POD酶活性,而低钾小麦体内4种酶的活性在整个虫害调查期间均没有显著变化。研究表明,充足供钾能够显著提高小麦受到蚜虫为害后体内茉莉酸含量,激活其体内的JA信号传导途径,从而提高防御酶活性,增强其对蚜虫的抵御能力。     

杀虫剂诱使棉蚜再猖獗的研究

为指导棉蚜的综合防治,笔者对杀虫剂诱导棉蚜再猖獗的现象进行了研究,速灭杀丁,氧化乐果和久效磷对棉蚜田间施药试验结果表明：效果较好,但进入伏蚜发生期后,速灭杀丁处理区棉蚜种群上升极快,第3次施药手2000倍和4000倍的20％,速灭杀丁处理区棉虹种群数量分别是对照的9．05倍和7．22倍,氧化乐果施药区棉蚜密度也明显高于不 施药的对照区蚜虫密度,整个棉蚜发生阶段棉蚜的抗药性测定表明,随着用药次数增加,棉蚜对速灭杀丁抗性倍数增长迅速,第4次施药后LD56值是早春棉蚜的9．39倍。3种农药对七星瓢虫和异色标虫的毒性皆显著地对棉蚜的毒力,随着棉蚜抗药性增加,农药对瓢虫－蚜系统的破坏愈加严重,对3种农药处理后的棉蚜成,若蚜的生命表分析表明3种农药没有刺激种群增殖作用,因而可以认为速杰灭刹丁诱使棉蚜再猖獗的作用是由于棉蚜抗药性水平迅速提高和对棉田生态的破坏所致。     

天敌对麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜种群数量影响程度的分析

通过对１９９３～１９９６年两种麦蚜种群数量及其天敌数量的系统调查,并采用灰色关联分析法,研究各种天敌对两种麦蚜种群数量的影响程度,得出对麦长管蚜种群数量影响最大的是龟纹瓢虫、蚜茧蜂和食蚜蝇;对麦二叉蚜种群数量影响最大的是草间小黑蛛,其次是龟纹瓢虫．     

双七瓢虫对蚜虫捕食作用

【目的】研究双七瓢虫Coccinula quatuordecimpustulata(Linnaeus)对蚜虫的捕食习性,为其保护利用提供依据。【方法】采用13种蚜虫分别饲喂双七瓢虫1~4龄幼虫及成虫,观察记录24 h的捕食数量;选取大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris)和白杨毛蚜Chaitophrus populeti(Panzer)分别对双七瓢虫进行饲养,记录瓢虫发育历期。【结果】双七瓢虫对供试的13种蚜虫捕食数量存在显著差异,其嗜食程度依照对蚜虫的日捕食生物量依次为:大豆蚜、菊小长管蚜Macrosiphoniella sanborni(Gillette)、月季长管蚜Sitobion rosivorum(Zhang)、豌豆蚜、甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae(Linnaeus)等;用大豆蚜和豌豆蚜饲养,双七瓢虫各虫态发育历期较短,用白杨毛蚜饲养则发育历期较长,3种蚜虫饲养的双七瓢虫,蛹均能正常羽化。【结论】双七瓢虫对供试蚜虫均有捕食行为,但捕食量存在明显差异;不同蚜虫对双七瓢虫的发育历期具有一定影响。     

Habitat generalization of a predatory ladybird,Harmonia yedoensis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in an allopatric area with respect to its sibling species Harmonia axyridis

In central Japan, Harmonia yedoensis is a specialist ladybird that is confined to pine tree habitats, whereas its sibling species Harmonia axyridis is a generalist that feeds on a wide range of aphid species in nature. Interestingly, H. axyridis is not distributed in the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan. We hypothesized that the ecological niche of H. yedoensis should be wider in the Ryukyu Archipelago, where its competitor species in central Japan, H. axyridis, is absent. We undertook fieldwork and a survey of published works to examine habitat utilization by H. yedoensis in the Ryukyu Archipelago. We found that H. yedoensis adults in the Ryukyu Archipelago visited several kinds of deciduous trees, including wild tamarind, Chinese hibiscus, Taiwan cherry and Malayan banyan, as well as pine trees. These observations suggest that habitat generalization has occurred in H. yedoensis in the Ryukyu Archipelago, where it does not compete with H. axyridis.     

雪花莲凝集素基因转化小麦及转基因小麦抗蚜性的研究

雪花莲凝集素对具有刺吸式口器的同翅目害虫具有毒杀作用。用基因枪法将1个新的雪花莲凝集素(GNA)基因转入普通春小麦品种中-60634和生产上正在推广的冬小麦高产品种——豫麦66中,分别获得了转基因小麦植株。抗蚜实验证明,转化gna基因的小麦植株对我国北方冬麦区的主要麦蚜——麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的抗性效果不尽相同。对禾谷缢管蚜,在接种当代即表现出明显的毒杀作用。对麦长管蚜,则表现为虫体发育减缓并且降低了其所生产的若蚜成活率。在自然放养条件下,gna基因则对这两种麦蚜的取食均起到了一定的抑制作用。     

A facultative mutualism between aphids and an invasive ant increases plant reproduction

1. The consequences to plants of ant–aphid mutualisms, particularly those involving invasive ants, are poorly studied. Ant–aphid mutualisms may increase or decrease plant fitness depending on the relative cost of herbivory by ant‐tended aphids versus the relative benefit of increased ant suppression of other (non‐aphid) herbivores. 2. We conducted field and greenhouse experiments in which we manipulated the presence and absence of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) on cotton plants to test the hypothesis that a mutualism between cotton aphids and an invasive ant, the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), benefits cotton plants by increasing fire ant suppression of caterpillars. We also manipulated caterpillar abundance to test whether the benefit of the mutualism varied with caterpillar density. 3. We found that more fire ants foraged on plants with cotton aphids than on plants without cotton aphids, which resulted in a significant reduction in caterpillar survival and caterpillar herbivory of leaves, flower buds, and bolls on plants with aphids. Consequently, cotton aphids indirectly increased cotton reproduction: plants with cotton aphids produced 16% more bolls, 25% more seeds, and 10% greater seedcotton mass than plants without aphids. The indirect benefit of cotton aphids, however, varied with caterpillar density: the number of bolls per plant at harvest was 32% greater on plants with aphids than on plants without aphids at high caterpillar density, versus just 3% greater at low caterpillar density. 4. Our results highlight the potential benefit to plants that host ant–hemipteran mutualisms and provide the first experimental evidence that the consequences to plants of an ant–aphid mutualism vary at different densities of non‐aphid herbivores.     

两种肚倍型蚜虫之两种同功酶及可溶性蛋白的比较

应用电泳分析方法,对青麸杨上幼锤形信子与长枣形倍子内蚜虫进行了酯酶同功酶、过氧化物同功酶及可溶蛋白质的比较研究。结果表明：经形态学鉴定同为肚倍蚜可致瘿形成纺锤形与长枣形倍子。2种倍形内蚜虫在可溶性蛋白及酯酶同功酶上有较大差异。相异系数分别为02571,0067。说明肚倍蚜种内已出现分化,不同变形体倍子内蚜虫在分子水平上已具有向不同生物型分化的趋势。