不同产地雷公藤对巨噬细胞炎性因子的影响

目的:观察不同产地雷公藤对巨噬细胞上清液中炎性因子的影响。方法:收集国内雷公藤药材18批,经提取分离后所得的醇提物经细胞活性检测测定其作用于小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞(BMDM)的半数抑制率(IC50),18批样品均以IC50浓度作用BMDM细胞,以Elisa法对各组细胞上清液中的IL-6、IL-10及i NOS的含量进行检测,并通过与柳氮磺吡啶的比较观察各批次对巨噬细胞的影响。结果:安徽亳州产及贵州黔东南自治州雷州县产雷公藤醇提物的巨噬细胞上清液中IL-6及i NOS的含量均显著低于柳氮磺吡啶(P0.05),且其上清液中IL-10的含量均显著高于柳氮磺吡啶(P0.05)。结论:安徽亳州产及贵州黔东南自治州雷州县产雷公藤的醇提物对巨噬细胞的总体抗炎功效优于柳氮磺吡啶,且贵州黔东南自治州雷州县产雷公藤的出膏率最高,可作为雷公藤在治疗类风湿关节炎方面的"道地药材"进行深入的探索与研究。     

15 例重症药疹患者临床特征及激素联合免疫球蛋白的疗效分析

目的:探讨15例重症药疹患者的临床特点及采用激素联合免疫球蛋白治疗改病的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2012年12月至2014年12月在我院就诊的15例重症药疹患者的临床资料,患者采用激素联合免疫球蛋白进行治疗,观察患者的发病类型、致敏药物及疗效,分析血常规、肝功能、肾功能指标与与预后的关系。结果:15例患者中,中毒表皮坏死松解8例,占53.33%,药疹重型4例,占26.67%,中毒表皮坏死松解并支气管炎患者、史蒂文斯并支气管肺炎患者及重症药疹并重症肝炎患者各1例,占6.67%。致敏药物主要是中药、卡马西平、柳氮磺吡啶、头孢他啶、布洛芬、青霉素、别嘌呤醇、感冒药。治疗总有效率86.67%。白细胞、中性比、总胆红素(TBIL)、谷丙转氨酶、胆碱酯酶、胱抑素、肌酐(Cr)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)与重症药疹患者治愈预后有关(P0.05)。结论:重症药疹以中毒表皮坏死松解患者为主,对不同致敏药物引起的重症药疹患者应进行区别治疗,重症药疹患者的预后与患者内脏受累程度密切相关,临床采用激素联合丙种球蛋白持续治疗,可提高治愈率,改善患者临床症状及预后,     

口腔雾化药物吸入联合小儿双金清热口服液治疗疱疹性口炎的临床疗效

目的:研究口腔雾化药物吸入联合小儿双金清热口服液治疗疱疹性口炎的临床疗效。方法:选择2012年5月至2014年5月在我院接受治疗的疱疹性口炎患者122例实施研究。根据数字法随机分成观察组及对照组各61例,观察组给予口腔雾化药物吸入以及小儿双金清热口服液进行治疗,对照组单纯给予小儿双金清热口服液进行治疗,对比两组治疗后的疗效、相关康复指标以及治疗后的不良反应。结果:观察组的总有效率是98.36%,显著高于对照组的88.52%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组的热退时间和疱疹消退时间以及康复时间均分别显著少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。观察组治疗后的总不良反应发生率与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:利用口腔雾化药物吸入联合小儿双金清热口服液对疱疹性口炎患儿进行治疗,效果较好,安全性更高,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying tissue compartments, restricting the transport of smaller molecules across the epithelium and almost completely prohibiting epithelial macromolecular transport. This selectivity is determined by the mucous gel layer, which limits the transport of lipophilic molecules and both the apical receptors and tight junctional protein complexes of the epithelium. In vitro cell culture models of the epithelium are convenient, but as a model, they lack the complexity of interactions between the microbiota, mucous-gel, epithelium and immune system. On the other hand, in vivo assessment of intestinal absorption or permeability may be performed, but these assays measure overall gastrointestinal absorption, with no indication of site specificity. Ex vivo permeability assays using "intestinal sacs" are a rapid and sensitive method of measuring either overall intestinal integrity or comparative transport of a specific molecule, with the added advantage of intestinal site specificity. Here we describe the preparation of intestinal sacs for permeability studies and the calculation of the apparent permeability (P_app)of a molecule across the intestinal barrier. This technique may be used as a method of assessing drug absorption, or to examine regional epithelial barrier dysfunction in animal models of gastrointestinal disease.     

从阿维菌素获得诺贝尔奖到中国创造

纵观世界历史,大国崛起无不伴随着科技的兴起和机制体制的突破。来自大自然的天然产物对于人类的健康起到非常重要的作用,从抗肿瘤明星分子紫杉醇到挽救了无数人生命的抗感染药物青霉素,从治疗代谢疾病到营养保健,都离不开天然产物。此外,还有大量天然产物资源没有被开发过。而随着阿维菌素的发现者Satoshiōmura教授和William C.Campbell博士,及青蒿素的发现者屠呦呦研究员因为这两种天然产物在治疗寄生虫感染病和疟疾上的应用而获得2015年诺贝尔生理与医学奖后,天然产物有望迎来其发展的第二个黄金时代。我国是世界工厂也是天然药物的资源大国,为了实现产业升级,弯道超车,实现大国崛起的中国梦,我国科学家在"十二五"期间围绕着天然产物的高产和创新两大主题开展了富有成效的合成生物学研究。阿维菌素是由阿维链霉菌产生的高效低毒生物杀虫剂,其原料产能占国际市场的100%。但我国原有生产菌株的单位发酵产量较低,高消耗、高污染、片面追求生产规模的粗放型发展模式已经成了阻碍低碳经济持续高速发展的瓶颈。如何从根本上解决问题,提高生产菌株的单位发酵产量和原料利用率,降低能耗和生产成本,减少环境污染,是促进我国从"发酵大国"向"发酵强国"转变的关键。本文以阿维菌素为例,综述其基础研究的技术发展,特别是中国科学院微生物研究所引入合成生物学技术,将阿维菌素的单位产量提高了1000倍,至9 g/L,在内蒙古新威远与阿维菌素产业联盟的公司应用,迫使默克公司全面退出阿维菌素历史舞台,从而引领产业迅速发展的过程,为我国其它天然产物生物制造品种的改良提供思路和方法。     

靶向铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)粘肽合成酶PBP3的抗菌先导化合物的虚拟筛选及活性研究

【目的】开发出与铜绿假单胞菌粘肽合成酶PBP3有高亲和力,具有全新结构的先导化合物。【方法】以铜绿假单胞菌粘肽合成酶PBP3为靶点,通过分子对接软件DOCK6.5,对含有104万个小分子化合物的数据库进行了大规模虚拟筛选,选取结构相对简单的中选化合物进行合成,得到先导化合物,并验证其抑菌活性。【结果】通过grid score进行第一轮初筛,筛选出grid score分值小于–30 kcal/mol的6万个化合物,接着以amber score进行第二轮筛选,筛出amber score分值小于–20 kcal/mol的化合物约200个。最终,经过观察分析,从中挑选出4种打分高并且结构新颖的小分子化合物作为先导化合物。合成出的先导化合物及其衍生物对铜绿假单胞菌等常见微生物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)在175–275μg/m L之间,对革兰氏阴性菌和阳性菌均有效,MIC值比作为阳性对照的磺胺嘧啶更低,说明先导化合物具有较好的抗菌活性。【结论】这些先导化合物可以进一步开发为新型抗菌药物,用于解决铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性问题。     

Attitudes toward Post‐Trial Access to Medical Interventions: A Review of Academic Literature,Legislation, and International Guidelines

There is currently no international consensus around post‐trial obligations toward research participants, community members, and host countries. This literature review investigates arguments and attitudes toward post‐trial access. The literature review found that academic discussions focused on the rights of research participants, but offered few practical recommendations for addressing or improving current practices. Similarly, there are few regulations or legislation pertaining to post‐trial access. If regulatory changes are necessary, we need to understand the current arguments, legislation, and attitudes towards post‐trial access and participants and community members. Given that clinical trials conducted in low‐income countries will likely continue, there is an urgent need for consideration of post‐trial benefits for participants, communities, and citizens of host countries. While this issue may not be as pressing in countries where participants have access to healthcare and medicines through public schemes, it is particularly important in regions where this may not be available.     

A comprehensive approach to the molecular determinants of lifespan using a Boolean model of geroconversion

Altered molecular responses to insulin and growth factors (GF) are responsible for late‐life shortening diseases such as type‐2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancers. We have built a network of the signaling pathways that control S‐phase entry and a specific type of senescence called geroconversion. We have translated this network into a Boolean model to study possible cell phenotype outcomes under diverse molecular signaling conditions. In the context of insulin resistance, the model was able to reproduce the variations of the senescence level observed in tissues related to T2DM's main morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, by calibrating the pharmacodynamics of mTOR inhibitors, we have been able to reproduce the dose‐dependent effect of rapamycin on liver degeneration and lifespan expansion in wild‐type and HER2–neu mice. Using the model, we have finally performed an in silico prospective screen of the risk–benefit ratio of rapamycin dosage for healthy lifespan expansion strategies. We present here a comprehensive prognostic and predictive systems biology tool for human aging.