GnRH拮抗剂在超促排卵中的应用

目的:比较GnRH拮抗剂与GnRH激动剂促排卵方案的临床应用效果.方法:比较GnRH拮抗剂与GnRH激动剂方案及GnRH拮抗剂方案妊娠组与非妊娠组的HCG日子宫内膜厚度及E2水平、受精率、可用胚胎率、着床率、临床妊娠率、流产率等.结果:GnRH拮抗剂与GnRH激动剂方案的临床资料无统计学差异,GnRH拮抗剂方案妊娠组血E2水平及可用胚胎率明显高于非妊娠组,差异具有统计学意义.结论:GnRH拮抗剂方案中卵泡后期血E2上升缓慢或停滞,血HCG日E2明显偏低,提示妊娠结局不良.但是,GnRH拮抗剂是否对子宫内膜及胚胎有影响仍需进一步研究.     

Does intraspecific competition promote variation? A test via synthesis

Competitive diversification, that is, when increasing intraspecific competition promotes population niche expansion, is commonly invoked in evolutionary studies and currently plays a central role in how we conceptualize the process of adaptive diversification. Despite the frequency with which this idea is cited, the empirical evidence for the process is somewhat limited, and the findings of these studies have yet to be weighed objectively through synthesis. Here, we sought to fill this gap by reviewing the existing literature and collecting the data necessary to assess the evidence for competition as a diversifying force. Additionally, we sought to test a more recent hypothesis, which suggests that competition can act to both promote and inhibit dietary diversification depending on the degree to which a consumer depletes its resources. The surprising result of this synthesis was that increasing competition did not have a mean positive effect on population‐level diet breadth or the degree of individual specialization. Instead, we found that increasing intraspecific competition had a restricting effect on population‐level diet breadth in as many cases as it had a diversifying effect. This wide disparity in the effect of competition on consumer diet variation was negatively related to a metric for consumer resource depletion. Altogether, these findings call into question a long‐standing assumption of basic evolutionary models and lend some support to recent theoretical predictions. Specifically, these findings support the idea that competition is primarily diversifying for species with a small effect (per unit biomass) on their resources and that resource depletion limits the diversifying effect of competition for consumers with larger ecological effects.     

CD11c在新生儿及成人指皮组织表达的免疫组织化学研究

目的:研究新生儿及成人指皮组织CD11c阳性细胞的数量、形态和分布情况。方法:取7例尸检新生儿及5例成人无名指指皮组织样本,CD11c标记,行免疫组织化学染色,光镜观察阳性细胞的表达、分布情况并进行统计学分析。结果:人指皮组织中,CD11c阳性细胞和阳性突起呈棕褐色,胞体大小不等、形态多样;胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,突起长短粗细不等,可相互连接。阳性细胞呈散在或灶带状分布,灶带状分布常见于表皮乳头周围、血管神经分叉周围,血管外膜、环层小体被囊结缔组织内可见散在的CD11c阳性细胞。新生儿组CD11c阳性细胞的表达率为(31.0±9.4)%,高于成人组(6.0±2.7)%(P0.01)。结论:CD11c分子可能也是人指皮组织细胞分化过程中的阶段性标志物,其表达量的降低与年龄的增长有关。     

早期心电图QRS 波宽度对急性ST 段抬高型心肌梗死患者心脏不良事件的影响

目的:探讨早期心电图QRS波宽度(QRSw)对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者近期主要心脏不良事件(MACE)的影响。方法:选取我院收治的135例STEMI患者为研究对象,按照入院时的心电图QRSw将患者分为A组(QRSw为60 ms≤QRSw≤80 ms)、B组(QRSw为80 msQRSw100 ms)、C组(QRSw为QRSw≥100 ms),将是否发生MACE分为MACE组和非MACE组,比较各组相关指标的差异,分析QRSw与MACE发生的关系。结果:A、B及C组三组患者在梗死面积、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(c Tn I)、B型脑钠肽(BNP)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、左室射血分数(LVEF)方面存在显著的统计学差异(P0.05),与A组及B组比较,C组血清hs-CRP、BNP、c Tn I、CK-MB较高,梗死面积大、LVEF偏低。三组患者在MACE发生率方面亦存在显著的统计学差异(P0.05),C组高于A组及B组。MACE组患者QRSw高于非MACE组(P0.05),其含有QRSw≥100 ms患者的比例亦高于非MACE组(P0.05);QRSw(OR=1.214,CI:1.104~1.441,P0.05)是STEMI患者近期MACE发生的独立危险因素。结论:STEMI患者随着QRSw增大,MACE的发生风险亦增加,QRSw可能是STEMI患者近期MACE发生的独立危险因素,应当引起临床重视。     

Different climate response of three tree ring proxies of Pinus sylvestris from the Eastern Carpathians,Romania

The aim of this study was to compare the climatic responses of three tree rings proxies: tree ring width (TRW), maximum latewood density (MXD), and blue intensity (BI). For this study, 20 cores of Pinus sylvestris covering the period 1886–2015 were extracted from living non-damaged trees from the Eastern Carpathian Mountains (Romania). Each chronology was compared to monthly and daily climate data. All tree ring proxies had a stronger correlation with the daily climate data compared to monthly data. The highest correlation coefficient was obtained between the MXD chronology and daily maximum temperature over the period beginning with the end of July and ending in the middle of September (r = 0.64). The optimal intervals for the temperature signature were 01 Aug – 24 Sept for the MXD chronology, 05 Aug – 25 Aug for the BI chronology, and both 16 Nov of the previous year – 16 March of the current year and 15 Apr – 05 May for the TRW chronology. The results from our study indicate that MXD can be used as a proxy indicator for summer maximum temperature, while TRW can be used as a proxy indicator for just March maximum temperature. The weak and unstable relationship between BI and maximum temperature indicates that BI is not a good proxy indicator for climate reconstructions over the analysed region.     

Environmental drivers interactively affect individual tree growth across temperate European forests

Forecasting the growth of tree species to future environmental changes requires a better understanding of its determinants. Tree growth is known to respond to global‐change drivers such as climate change or atmospheric deposition, as well as to local land‐use drivers such as forest management. Yet, large geographical scale studies examining interactive growth responses to multiple global‐change drivers are relatively scarce and rarely consider management effects. Here, we assessed the interactive effects of three global‐change drivers (temperature, precipitation and nitrogen deposition) on individual tree growth of three study species (Quercus robur/petraea, Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus excelsior). We sampled trees along spatial environmental gradients across Europe and accounted for the effects of management for Quercus. We collected increment cores from 267 trees distributed over 151 plots in 19 forest regions and characterized their neighbouring environment to take into account potentially confounding factors such as tree size, competition, soil conditions and elevation. We demonstrate that growth responds interactively to global‐change drivers, with species‐specific sensitivities to the combined factors. Simultaneously high levels of precipitation and deposition benefited Fraxinus, but negatively affected Quercus’ growth, highlighting species‐specific interactive tree growth responses to combined drivers. For Fagus, a stronger growth response to higher temperatures was found when precipitation was also higher, illustrating the potential negative effects of drought stress under warming for this species. Furthermore, we show that past forest management can modulate the effects of changing temperatures on Quercus’ growth; individuals in plots with a coppicing history showed stronger growth responses to higher temperatures. Overall, our findings highlight how tree growth can be interactively determined by global‐change drivers, and how these growth responses might be modulated by past forest management. By showing future growth changes for scenarios of environmental change, we stress the importance of considering multiple drivers, including past management and their interactions, when predicting tree growth.     

Monooxygenation of aromatic compounds by flavin‐dependent monooxygenases

Many flavoenzymes catalyze hydroxylation of aromatic compounds especially phenolic compounds have been isolated and characterized. These enzymes can be classified as either single‐component or two‐component flavin‐dependent hydroxylases (monooxygenases). The hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by the enzymes in this group are useful for modifying the biological properties of phenolic compounds. This review aims to provide an in‐depth discussion of the current mechanistic understanding of representative flavin‐dependent monooxygenases including 3‐hydroxy‐benzoate 4‐hydroxylase (PHBH, a single‐component hydroxylase), 3‐hydroxyphenylacetate 4‐hydroxylase (HPAH, a two‐component hydroxylase), and other monooxygenases which catalyze reactions in addition to hydroxylation, including 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxypyridine‐5‐carboxylate oxygenase (MHPCO, a single‐component enzyme that catalyzes aromatic‐ring cleavage), and HadA monooxygenase (a two‐component enzyme that catalyzes additional group elimination reaction). These enzymes have different unique structural features which dictate their reactivity toward various substrates and influence their ability to stabilize flavin intermediates such as C4a‐hydroperoxyflavin. Understanding the key catalytic residues and the active site environments important for governing enzyme reactivity will undoubtedly facilitate future work in enzyme engineering or enzyme redesign for the development of biocatalytic methods for the synthesis of valuable compounds.     

Common alien plants are more competitive than rare natives but not than common natives

Success of alien plants is often attributed to high competitive ability. However, not all aliens become dominant, and not all natives are vulnerable to competitive exclusion. Here, we quantified competitive outcomes and their determinants, using response‐surface experiments, in 48 pairs of native and naturalised alien annuals that are common or rare in Germany. Overall, aliens were not more competitive than natives. However, common aliens (invasive) were, despite strong limitation by intraspecific competition, more competitive than rare natives. This is because alien species had higher intrinsic growth rates than natives, and common species had higher intrinsic growth rates than rare ones. Strength of interspecific competition was not related to status or commonness. Our work highlights the importance of including commonness in understanding invasion success. It suggests that variation among species in intrinsic growth rates is more important in competitive outcomes than inter‐ or intraspecific competition, and thus contributes to invasion success and rarity.     

The growth ring concept: seeking a broader and unambiguous approach covering tropical species

The concept of growth rings is little discussed in the literature and their treatment remains somewhat confusing in terms of the diversity of structures described. This situation has a major impact on the study of growth rings in tropical species, in which variations and complexity are greater and accuracy of identification less good. The rigid conceptual delimitations used by dendrochronologists and wood anatomists of temperate regions cannot be applied to the study of growth rings in most tropical species, which has led to neglect of this subject. With the objective of discussing the concept of growth rings, the present study consists of a survey of anatomical, periodicity, causal and evolutionary aspects of the treatment of these structures as evidenced in previous studies, and the evaluation of their application and limitations to the development of this concept. Anatomical aspects arise through radial integrity, or the presence of early and late wood; the degree of distinction of the rings, which may vary from well to poorly defined; and tangential continuity, meaning that rings may form a complete circle in the transverse section of the trunk, or instead be tangentially discontinuous, lens‐shaped or in wedges. In addition there are a diversity of anatomical markers which enable us to recognize growth rings. Regarding periodicity, the rings may be annual, infra‐annual or supra‐annual. Causal aspects include genetic, endogenous and environmental components. Evolutionary aspects continue to be insufficiently investigated, and although most comparative studies treat growth rings recognized by different markers as though they were a single character, it remains questionable whether they can be regarded as homologous or the result of homoplasy. We conclude that the elaboration of a robust but broad definition which can include all the variation observed in growth rings of tropical species is a complex task, which is only possible by overcoming the restrictions adopted by dendrochronologists and wood anatomists of temperate regions for whom growth rings are essentially annual, strongly demarcated, tangentially continuous and restricted to the most pronounced markers.     

不同海拔温度和降水对新疆阿尔泰山西伯利亚落叶松径向生长的影响

为定量并分离关键气候因子对新疆阿尔泰山不同海拔树木径向生长的影响,通过对高、中和低海拔的西伯利亚落叶松(Larixsibirica)树轮宽度标准年表与气候因子分别进行相关、多元线性回归等统计分析,并进一步计算了线性模型中不同气候因素的绝对和相对贡献率。结果表明,高海拔地区,当年6月温度和上年7月降水分别与径向生长呈显著正相关和负相关,两者共同解释西伯利亚落叶松径向生长变异的33.1%,相对贡献率分别为66.2%和33.8%;中海拔地区,当年6月温度和上年6月降水分别与径向生长呈显著正相关和负相关,两者共同解释径向生长变异的26.8%,相对贡献率分别为40.1%和59.9%;低海拔地区,上年6月温度和7月降水分别与径向生长呈显著负相关和正相关,两者共同解释径向生长变异的29.4%,相对贡献率分别为31.9%和68.1%。这表明限制树木径向生长的主要影响因子随海拔的不同而异,在高海拔地区,温度是主要限制因子;而在低海拔地区,降雨是主要限制因子。