Impact of Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition on Sulfur Metabolism in Plants: H2S as Sulfur Source for Sulfur Deprived Brassica oleracea L.

Brassica oleracea L. was rather insensitive to atmospheric H₂S: growth was only negatively affected at ≥0.4 μl I^?1. Shoots formed a sink for H₂S and the uptake rate showed saturation kinetics with respect to the atmospheric concentration. The H₂S uptake rate was high in comparison with other species, which may reflect the high sulfur need of Brassica. The net uptake of sulfate by roots of hydroponically grown plants was substantially reduced after one week of exposure to 0.25 μl l^?1 H₂S, indicating that plants switched in part from sulfate to H₂S as sulfur source for plant growth. Plants were sulfur deficient after two weeks of sulfur deprivation, illustrated by reduced growth, which was more pronounced for shoots than for roots, and in enhanced shoot dry matter content. The latter could for the greater part be attributed to enhanced levels of soluble sugars and starch. Sulfur deficiency was further characterized by a low pigment content, extremely low levels of sulfate and water-soluble non-protein thiols, and by enhanced levels of nitrate and free amino acids, particularly in the shoots. Furthermore, sulfur deficient plants contained a lower total lipid content in shoots, whereas its content in roots was unaffected. The level of sulfolipids was decreased in both roots and shoots. When sulfur deprived plants were exposed to 0.25 μl I^?1 H₂S for one week, all sulfur deficiency symptoms were abolished and growth was restored. Furthermore, plants were able to grow with 0.4 μl I^?1 H₂S as the sole sulfur source. Water-soluble non-protein thiol content was enhanced in both shoots and roots of H₂S exposed plants, irrespective of the sulfate supply to the roots, whereas plants grown with H₂S as sole sulfur source contained very low sulfate levels. The interaction between atmospheric and pedospheric sulfur nutrition in plants is discussed.     

Foliar application of nitrate or ammonium as sole nitrogen supply in Ricinus communis. II. The flows of cations, chloride and abscisic acid

Following a precultivation with pedospheric nitrogen nutrition, Ricinus plants were supplied with nitrogen solely by spraying nitrate or ammonium solution onto the leaves during the experimental period. The chemical composition of tissues, xylem and phloem exudates was determined and on the basis of the previously determined nitrogen flows (Peuke et al., New Phytologist (1998), 138 , 657–687) the flows of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, chloride and ABA were modelled. These data, which permit quantification of net-uptake, transport in xylem and phloem, and utilization in shoot and root, were compared with results obtained in plants with pedospherically-supplied nitrate or ammonium and data in the literature. Although the overall effects on the chemical composition of supplying ammonium to the leaves were not as pronounced as in pedospherically supplied plants, there were some typical responses of plants fed with ammonium (ammonium syndrome). In particular, in ammonium-sprayed plants uptake and transport of magnesium decreased and chloride uptake was increased compared with nitrate-sprayed plants. Furthermore, acropetal ABA transport in the xylem in ammonium-sprayed Ricinus was threefold higher than in nitrate-sprayed plants. Additionally, concentrations of anions were more or less increased in tissues, particularly in the roots, and transport fluids. The overall signal from ammonium-sprayed leaves without a direct effect of ammonium ions on uptake and transport systems in the root is discussed.     

Characterization of the Mechanisms Involved in the Increased Renal Elimination of Bromosulfophthalein During Cholestasis: Involvement of Oatp1

The kidneys and liver are the major routes for organic anion elimination. We have recently shown that acute obstructive jaundice is associated with increased systemic and renal elimination of two organic anions, p-aminohippurate and furosemide, principally excreted through urine. This study examined probable adaptive mechanisms involved in renal elimination of bromosulfophthalein (BSP), a prototypical organic anion principally excreted in bile, in rats with acute obstructive jaundice. Male Wistar rats underwent bile duct ligation (BDL rats). Pair-fed sham-operated rats served as controls. BSP renal clearance was performed by conventional techniques. Renal organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 (Oatp1) expression was evaluated by immunoblotting and IHC. Excreted, filtered, and secreted loads of BSP were all higher in BDL rats compared with Sham rats. The higher BSP filtered load resulted from the increase in plasma BSP concentration in BDL rats, because glomerular filtration rate showed no difference with the Sham group. The increase in the secreted load might be explained by the higher expression of Oatp1 observed in apical membranes from kidneys of BDL animals. This likely adaptation to hepatic injury, specifically in biliary components elimination, might explain, at least in part, the huge increase in BSP renal excretion observed in this experimental model. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:449–456, 2009)     

无细胞百日咳工艺中PO4^3—影响DTaP免疫效力分析

用0.02mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液和不用磷酸盐缓冲液透析生产无细胞百日咳（aP）,按《2000年版生物制品规程》制备和检定氢氧化铝吸附无细胞百日咳、白喉、破伤风联合疫苗（DTaP）。发现用磷酸盐缓冲液和不用磷酸盐缓冲液透析生产aP组成DTaP免疫效力差异非常显著,后者100％（10／10）合格,前者合格率只有27％（3／11）,用钼兰法测定DTaP中PO4^3-离子浓度。结果表明后者的PO4^3-浓度只是前者的1／10,PO4^3-依次影响白喉、破伤风、百日咳免疫效价。     

The preparation and structural characterisation of thiolato anions of bismuth(III)

The preparation and structures of the bismuth thiolato anions [Bi₂(SC₆F₅)₆(μ-SC₆F₅)]⁻ and [Bi₂(SC₆F₅)₆(μ-SC₆F₅)₂]²⁻ and the halothiolato anions [Bi₂(SC₆F₅)₆(μ-Br)]⁻, [Bi₂(SC₆F₅)₆(μ-Cl)₂]²⁻ and [Bi₃(SC₆F₅)₉(μ-Br)₂]²⁻ are described. All compounds have been isolated from reactions between Bi(SC₆F₅)₃ and ammonium or phosphonium halides. The basic structural units in the dinuclear species are of two types namely [Bi₂(SR)₆(μ-X)]⁻ and [Bi₂(SR)₆(μ-X)₂]²⁻, where X=thiolate or halide. In the former case the single bridging groups occupy an axial site within the disphenoidal (equatorially vacant, trigonal bipyramidal) geometry around the bismuth centres whereas in the latter the two bridging groups occupy cis basal sites in square based pyramidal bismuth environments. The trinuclear anion [Bi₃(SC₆F₅)₉(μ-Br)₂]²⁻ has features in common with the basic [Bi₂(SC₆F₅)₆(μ-Br)]⁻ unit.     

Cell K activity in frog skin in the presence and absence of cell current

Summary Cell K activity,a _k, was measured in the short-circuited frog skin by simultaneous cell punctures from the apical surface with open-tip and K-selective microelectrodes. Strict criteria for acceptance of impalements included constancy of the open-tip microelectrode resistance, agreement within 3% of the fractional apical voltage measured with open-tip and K-selective microelectrodes, and constancy of the differential voltage recorded between the open-tip and the K microelectrodes 30–60 sec after application of amiloride or substitution of apical Na. Skins were bathed on the serosal surface with NaCl Ringer and, to reduce paracellular Cl conductance and effects of amiloride on paracellular conductance, with NaNO₃ Ringer on the apical surface.Under control conditionsa _k ^r was nearly constant among skins (mean±SD=92±8mM, 14 skins) in spite of a wide range of cellular currents (5 to 70 A/cm²). Cell current (and transcellular Na transport) was inhibited by either apical addition of amiloride or substitution of Na by other cations. Although in some experiments the expected small increase ina _k ^r after inhibition of cell current was observed, on the average the change was not significant (98±11mM after amiloride, 101±12mM after Na substitution), even 30 min after the inhibition of cell current. The membrane potential, which in the control state ranged from –42 to –77 mV, hyperpolarized after inhibition of cell current, initially to –109±5mV, then depolarizing to a stable value (–88±5mV) after 15–25 min. At this time K was above equilibrium (E _k=98±2mV), indicating that the active pump mechanism is still operating after inhibition of transcellular Na transport.The measurement ofa _k ^r permitted the calculation of the passive K current and pump current under control conditions. assuming a constant current source with almost all of the basolateral conductance attributable to K. We found a significant correlation between pump current and cell current with a slope of 0.31, indicating that about one-third of the cell current is carried by the pump, i.e., a pump stoichiometry of 3Na/2K.     

Influence of anions on the potassium status and productivity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines

The effects of K fertiliser (160 kg ha^-1) applied with Cl^- or SO₄ ^2- as the accompanying anion on the K nutrition of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) were assessed in a field experiment, using vines with varying degrees of K deficiency. Leaf K concentrations in spring were significantly higher for vines receiving KCl, compared to those receiving K₂SO₄. This effect did not interact significantly with the degree of K deficiency, and persisted for about 6 weeks. Subsequently there was no significant difference between the leaf K concentrations for the vines receiving KCl or K₂SO₄. Applying K as KCl increased the leaf Cl concentration, especially in spring, while applying K as K₂SO₄ had no significant effect on the leaf S concentration at that time. These results implied a greater requirement for organic acid anions for K⁺ uptake from K₂SO₄ than from KCl, and the importance of organic acid anions for K⁺ uptake from different sources of K fertiliser is discussed. This transient effect of the accompanying anion on leaf K status was associated with large effects on flowering, and fruit yields were about 28% higher for plants receiving KCl rather than K₂SO₄.The effects on growth and tissue nutrient composition of varying the concentrations of Cl^-, NO₃ ^-, SO₄ ^2- and H₂PO₄ ^- around the roots of kiwifruit vines were examined in a solution culture experiment. For H₂PO₄ ^-, plant growth was very similar over a wide range of rates of addition. For the other anions, the range between deficiency and toxicity was clearly delineated. For Cl^- and NO₃ ^-, toxicity was associated with high tissue concentrations of Cl and N, respectively, and was consistent with competition for uptake between Cl^- and NO₃ ^-. However, for SO₄ ^2-, toxicity was associated with only a small increase in the tissue S concentration relative to that associated with maximum growth, and appeared to result more from effects on uptake of other anions and cations rather than from direct effects of high tissue S concentrations.It is concluded that the sensitivity of kiwifruit to the anion accompanying K⁺ in fertiliser may be related to the unusually high requirement for Cl previously reported for this species.     

Element interactions in forest ecosystems: succession,allometry and input-output budgets

Element interactions within forests differ from those in other major ecosystems for three major reasons: — a greater allocation of carbon to structural material; — a greater element storage within biomass; and — the diversity of carbon- and nutrient-containing metabolites produced. The most important of these differences is structural material, which can lead to C: element ratios in biomass (as a whole) 100 × greater than those in unicellular organisms. Stand allometry causes the amount of carbon stored and C:element ratios in biomass to change in predictable ways in the course of secondary succession. Such changes affect microbial dynamics and C: element interactions within soils. Bicarbonate, organic acids, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate are major anions within forest soils: they control leaching of both anions and cations. Biotic interactions of C, N, P, and S during both uptake and mineralization control the potential for production of these anions within forests, and geochemical interactions regulate their mobility and loss.     

The composition and structure of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate diethyletherate

Treatment of LiC₆F₅ with B(C₆F₅)₃ in equal volumes of light petroleum and diethyl ether at low temperature followed by slow warming to room temperature precipitates a microcrystalline solid which dries under vacuum to a material with the composition [Li(OEt₂)₃][B(C₆F₅)₄]. Crystallization from diethyl ether yields solvent dependent [Li(OEt₂)₄][B(C₆F₅)₄], which has been crystallographically characterised.     

Fungal Nanophase Particles Catalyze Iron Transformation for Oxidative Stress Removal and Iron Acquisition

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