Public Attitude Formation Regarding Animal Research

ABSTRACT

A number of attitudinal studies have examined support for the use of animals in research. However, on the whole they have come to rather different conclusions. In our research, which is based on focus group discussions held in Denmark, we attempted to explain this variation by examining the way the relevant attitudes are formed. Although our participants had only limited knowledge of, and interest in, animal use in research, they were perfectly capable of developing reasoned attitudes to it by drawing on evaluative considerations concerning animal use in general. Furthermore, the evaluation of animal research involves a distinct experience of value conflict—between the possible human benefits, on one hand, and a concern for costs to the animal, on the other. Different ways of dealing with this conflict gives rise to different attitudinal stances on animal research: Disapprovers, Reserved, and Approvers. These stances, and their supporting lines of argument, are rather robust, as they are grounded in stable underlying values. However, at the same time they leave room for variable evaluations of different types of animal experiment. This facilitates shifts between disapproval and approval, especially for the Reserved who experience ambivalence. Future quantitative analyses should take into consideration that attitudes in the field of animal experimentation can be viewed (and measured) both at an underlying value-based level and at a context-specific level.     

近年来出现的几类新概念动物疫苗

动物疫病流行广泛、传播迅速,严重危害养殖业的发展。疫苗接种是预防和控制动物传染病最有效的策略之一。目前,随着生物技术的发展和疫病防控的需要,安全、高效、广谱、用量少、具有标记特征的新型疫苗成为研发重点。文中就近年来出现的黏膜疫苗、长效与速效疫苗、嵌合疫苗、纳米颗粒疫苗等新概念动物疫苗的发展、应用及优缺点进行了评述,并提出了其发展方向,以期为动物疫苗的研发提供借鉴。     

Design and comparison of gene-pyramiding schemes in animals

Marker-assisted gene pyramiding provides a promising way to develop new animal breeds or lines, in which genes responsible for certain favorable characters identified in different breeds or lines are incorporated. In consideration of features of animal populations, we proposed five schemes for pyramiding three genes, denoted Scheme A-E, and five schemes for pyramiding four genes, denoted Scheme F-J. These schemes are representative of the possible alternatives. We also provided an algorithm to compute the population sizes needed in each generation. We compared these schemes with respect to the total population size and the number of generations required under different situations. The results show that there is no scheme that is optimal in all cases. Among the schemes for pyramiding three genes from three lines (L1, L2 and L3), Scheme D (a three-way cross between the three lines are first performed, followed by a backcross to L1 and a subsequent intercross to obtain the desired genotype) has a significant advantage over the other schemes when the recombination rate between adjacent genes ranges from 0.1 to 0.4, while Scheme A (a two-way cross between L1 and L2 and a subsequent intercross are performed, followed by a cross with L3 and a subsequent intercross to obtain the desired genotype) is optimal when recombination rate is 0.5. Among schemes for pyramiding four genes from four lines (L1, L2, L3 and L4), Scheme I (seperately, a two-way cross between L1 and L2 (L3 and L4) followed by a backcross to L1 (L3) and a subsequent intercross are performed, then the offspring from the two sides are crossed and followed by a backcross to L1 and a subsequent intercross to obtain the desired genotype) is optimal when the recombination rate ranges from 0.1 to 0.4, while Scheme F (cross and subsequent intercross between the four lines are performed successively) is the optimal when the recombination rate is 0.5. We also disscuss how the animals' reproductive capacity, the probabilities of obtaining the desired genotypes and genetic distance between adjacent genes would affect the design of an optimal scheme.     

建立胃癌实验动物模型方法的研究

目的通过对人低分化胃癌细胞系SGC-7901状态和接种细胞数目的研究,建立良好的皮下接种胃癌的动物模型。方法采用腹腔注射SGC-7901细胞,使裸鼠形成腹水;光镜及电镜观察细胞状态;将购买的SGC-7901细胞以及形成腹水后的肿瘤细胞分别以1×108、1×107和1×106个进行裸鼠皮下接种,每组接种5只。观察其肿瘤形成时间、大小、状态及病理学变化。结果SGC-7901细胞接种裸鼠形成腹水后进行培养的肿瘤细胞增殖状态发生改变;购买的SGC-7901细胞以1×108及1×107接种裸鼠,在第21天肿瘤组织中央均出现出血和坏死;1×106的裸鼠第21天未见肉眼可见的肿瘤形成。腹水培养的肿瘤细胞,接种1×108的裸鼠在第21天肿瘤组织中央可见大面积的出血和坏死;接种1×107及1×106的裸鼠在第21天均未见出血和坏死,接种1×107的肿瘤组织体积较大。结论SGC-7901细胞接种裸鼠形成腹水后的细胞,更容易建立SGC-7901细胞皮下接种的胃癌动物模型,其中以接种细胞数为1×107的肿瘤生长较好,更适用于胃癌的实验研究。     

豚鼠腺性膀胱炎模型的建立及尿流动力学的检查

目的探讨豚鼠腺性膀胱炎动物模型的建立方法及尿流动力学检查方法。方法将28只雌性豚鼠分三组：正常对照组、生理盐水对照组和造模组。用膀胱内灌注大肠杆菌的方法制作腺性膀胱炎动物模型,7周后行尿流动力学检查及病理检测。结果尿流动力学检查发现造模组豚鼠储尿期逼尿肌不稳定发生率较正常对照组及生理盐水对照组显著增多（P〈0.001）;正常对照组无腺性膀胱炎病变,生理盐水对照组出现腺性膀胱炎1例,造模组出现7例,造模组与另外两组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,正常对照组与生理盐水对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论膀胱内灌注大肠杆菌可导致腺性膀胱炎,这证实了细菌感染是腺性膀胱炎的病因之一,同时为临床上的抗感染治疗提供了理论依据。此方法可用于建立腺性膀胱炎的动物模型。同时确立了腺性膀胱炎动物模型尿流动力学检查方法。     

大叶黄杨叶片内部光能利用梯度

采用一种新方法来测量大叶黄杨叶片(Euonymus japonicus T.)内部的绝对光能利用效率梯度曲线.该方法基于光声光谱的深度分析(Depth-Analysis)理论,并结合了光纤微探测器的叶片光梯度测量结果.日本小檗(Berberis thunbergii D C.)叶片的光声光谱扫描显示了深度分析的精确性.实验结果表明:叶片内部利用光能效率最低处在栅栏组织和海绵组织之间(入射光能0.026%-660 nm红光);越靠近叶片的上表皮和下表皮,显示出叶片组织利用光能效率有上升的趋势(分别为0.092% 和0.036%).因此,不同叶肉组织绝对光能利用效率是不同的,该实验结果直接证实了Han和Vogelmann (1999)所提出的假设.     

水稻田土—水系统中磷素行为及其环境影响研究

土壤测试表明供试土壤已富P．大田试验结果表明,P肥投入提高了土壤树脂P和田面水总P水平,且两者随着时间的推移而下降,但施P后的20d内,有机无机配施P肥对土壤有效P的贡献大于单施化肥P,在施P第7天时,有机无机配施P的田面水总P水平是单施化肥P的3．4倍,是施P量2倍的处理III的2．8倍,与有机肥配施的处理,其田表水P素流失潜能较单施化肥大,经33d后,P肥结构对田面水P素的影响不明显,两次水稻季节性排水而导致的P素净流失负荷和P素表观流失率变幅分别为－0．039－0．076kg.hm^-2和0.034-0.100% ,从减少水稻田排水P素流失角度考虑,可以认为,施P或土层被搅动后1周内是控制P素流失的主要环节。     

农牧交错带土地沙化的本质及其形成研究

通过对陕北农牧交错带不同类型沙化土地土体构型、土壤质地、元素组成和理化性质的分析,研究了土地沙化的本质。结果表明：受风沙作用影响,土壤中细粒物质逐渐减少,颗粒组成变粗;表层消失,最终被流沙所取代,原土壤剖面被覆盖在沙层之下;土壤有机质及养分含量减少,保水保肥性能降低,生产力不断下降;现代土壤形成过程以侵蚀和风沙沉积为主,物质淋溶和化学风化微弱。研究区土地沙化可划分为：风沙侵蚀为主、风沙蚀积平衡、风沙沉积为主和土壤形成发育4个阶段;沙化土地的类型有：肥力衰退质地粗化、表层剥蚀、片沙覆盖、流动沙丘与固定沙丘等5种。     

鄂尔多斯东胜地区不同生态功能区的土壤侵蚀敏感性

利用ETM影像数据和GIS技术,对鄂尔多斯东胜地区进行生态功能分区.以水土流失通用方程 (universal soil loss equation, USLE) 理论为基础,并依据土壤侵蚀敏感性驱动力的相似性和差异性,分析了降水、土壤质地、地形和地表覆盖因子对该区域不同生态功能分区土壤侵蚀与水土流失敏感性的影响.研究结果表明:典型草原丘陵区土壤侵蚀敏感性指数SSj为4.2,典型草原平原区为4.0,典型草原沙化区为4.6,荒漠草原区土壤侵蚀敏感性指数为5.0;4个生态功能区的土地沙漠化都属于土地沙漠化高度敏感区,其由高到低的排序为荒漠草原区 > 典型草原沙化区 = 典型草原平原区 > 典型草原丘陵区;就土壤侵蚀程度而言,典型草原平原区属于土壤侵蚀轻度敏感区,荒漠草原区、典型草原沙化区、典型草原丘陵区属于土壤侵蚀中度敏感区.将其土壤侵蚀化程度由高到低排序:荒漠草原区 > 典型草原沙化区 > 典型草原丘陵区 > 典型草原平原区;就土壤盐渍化而言,典型草原丘陵区属于土地盐渍化不敏感区,其它3个区属于土地盐渍化轻度敏感区.在综合评价其土壤侵蚀敏感性区域差异基础上,阐述了鄂尔多斯东胜地区水土流失敏感性区域土地利用格局的调整与优化取向.     

海洋动物来源活性物质的研究新进展

海洋动物因具有产生抗菌物质、抗肿瘤物质、抗病毒物质、免疫调节物质等活性产物的巨大潜力,备受研究人员重视。近年来,各 国研究者已从海洋动物中分离出了数千种结构新颖的活性物质,为新药的开发提供了坚实的基础。简要介绍了近六年来海绵、珊瑚、海参、 海鞘等海洋动物来源的活性物质研究进展,旨在为海洋药用动物资源的开发利用提供参考。