温度对薰衣草花精气成分的影响

用恒温水浴锅控制温度,通过大气采样器和活性炭吸附管捕集薰衣草花精气,并用气质联用法(GC-MS)对其进行分析鉴定,研究温度对薰衣草花精气的影响。结果显示:不同温度条件下薰衣草花精气的成分组成不尽相同。只有11种成分在所有温度梯度中均可检测到,而有6种成分在一些温度中未能同时检测到;不同温度条件下薰衣草花精气各组分的含量也不尽相同。其中,异丙基对甲苯在所有温度梯度中的相对含量均为最高,其次为柠檬烯。而5、25、35、40℃时,1-甲基乙烯基对甲苯的相对含量位居第3。15℃时,莰烯位居第3。45、50℃时,β-月桂烯位居第3;在11种共有成分中,除薰衣草醇和乙酸薰衣草酯2种成分挥发量的最高值出现在40,45℃时急剧下降,而50℃时又急剧上升外,β-月桂烯、异丙基对甲苯、柠檬烯等9种成分挥发量的最高值出现在45℃,随后急剧下降,这表明薰衣草花精气成分温度间差异显著。为定量分析他们之间的关系,以温度为自变量,标准化处理后的11种挥发物峰面积分别为因变量,采用回归分析法建立了11个非线性回归方程。     

四种不同方法提取沙枣花挥发物的成分分析

为了探究不同提取方法对沙枣花挥发物化学成分分析的影响,本文采用水蒸气蒸馏法、固相微萃取法、顶空采集法和气囊采集法提取沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)花的挥发性物质,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分别对4种方法提取的挥发物质进行化学成分分析鉴定。从4种方法提取的沙枣花挥发物质中共检测出51种化合物,其中酯类14种、烷类13种、酚类9种、酮类3种、醇类4种、其它物质8种。顶空收集法、水蒸气提取法、气囊采集法和固相微萃取法提取的挥发物质中分别检出化合物13种、19种、22种和18种,并且用2种(或2种以上)方法提取的沙枣花挥发物质中相同化合物有15种(即:酯类6种、烷类5种、酚类2种、醇类1种、其它物质1种),分别为:反式-肉桂酸乙酯、顺式-肉桂酸乙酯、反式-肉桂酸甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、正癸烷、正十二烷、正十四烷、正十六烷、正二十烷、愈创木酚、4,4'-亚甲基双(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚)、2-苯基-1-丙烯、乙酸叶醇酯、肉桂酸异丙酯和苯乙醇。4种方法提取的沙枣花挥发物中均含反式-肉桂酸乙酯和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯2种化合物,且反式-肉桂酸乙酯的含量较高,分别为83.75%(水蒸气蒸馏法)、14.45%(固相微萃取法)、78.27%(顶空收集法)和56.65%(气囊采集法)。4种方法中气囊采集法提取的沙枣花挥发物质中所含化合物种类最多(22种),而且操作最简单,因此气囊采集法是提取沙枣花挥发物的较好方法。     

三江平原沼泽化草甸小叶章种群地上生物量及其生长速率季节动态的研究

三江平原沼泽化草甸优势种群-小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)种群地上生物ABI,AAGR,ARGR季节动态均呈单峰型。均至7月末到达到极大值。分别为358.05g/m²,230.96g/m²,14.6830g/d,0.0638g/g·d。BI,AGR,RGR在7月末之前为正,之后为负。极大值均出现在6月末-7月中旬,分别为107. 97g/m²、7.712g/d、0.0274g/g·d。且BI与AGR、RGR, ABI与AAGR、ARGR存在着极显著的线性关系。     

Essential Oil of Lavender Inhibited the Decreased Attention during a Long-Term Task in Humans

This study examined the effects of odors on sustained attention during a vigilance task. Two essential oils (lavender and eucalyptus) and two materials (l-menthol and linalyl acetate) were compared with a control. The increase in reaction time was significantly lower with lavender than with the control. The results suggest that the administration of lavender helped to maintain sustained attention during the long-term task.     

Plant invasions in undisturbed ecosystems: The triggering attribute approach

The invasion of a target community by a non‐indigenous plant species includes the stages of arrival, establishment and spread, which tend to depend on different characteristics of the invasive species and its context. While the mechanisms behind the invasion of highly disturbed ecosystems are well known, our understanding of the invasion process in undisturbed or weakly disturbed ecosystems is much more limited. Here we propose that, once a non‐indigenous species has arrived to a new ecosystem and become established, the likelihood that it spreads, and thus becomes invasive, may depend on just one or very few characteristics, called‘triggering attributes’(TA). We propose that a TA is a vegetative or regenerative attribute discontinuously distributed in comparison to the resident community. This attribute allows the species to benefit from a resource that is permanently or temporarily unused by the resident community. We present an original study case and examples from the literature to illustrate our approach, and we also propose some ways to test it in different ecosystems.     

中国广西蜘蛛抱蛋属一新变种

该文描述了中国广西一新变种——防城蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra arnautovii H.J. Tillich var.angusti folia L.Wu&Y.F.Huang),该变种与原变种A.arnautovii H.J.Tillich var.arnautovii相近,区别在于本变种的叶狭披针形至近线形,宽1.2～2.0cm,二级脉每边9条,柱头边缘约24浅裂,上表面凸起。     

Pb胁迫条件下狭叶香蒲种子的萌发特性及其幼苗的生理响应

对0、30、150、300、450和600μmol·L-1Pb胁迫条件下狭叶香蒲（TyphaangustifoliaLinn.）种子的萌发特性进行了研究,并分析了0、450、900、1800和2700μmol·L-1Pb胁迫对狭叶香蒲幼苗叶片及根系中部分生理生化指标的影响。结果表明：随Pb浓度提高,狭叶香蒲种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数以及下胚轴长度均逐渐下降且低于对照,而其下胚轴长度抑制指数则逐渐增大,但在30μmol·L-1Pb胁迫条件下各项萌发指标均与对照无显著差异。叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量随Pb浓度提高呈逐渐下降趋势,但在450和900μmol·L-1Pb胁迫条件下与对照无显著差异,而在1800和2700μmol·L-1Pb胁迫条件下显著低于对照。在Pb胁迫条件下叶片和根中SOD活性均显著高于对照但变化趋势不同;随Pb浓度提高,叶片SOD活性呈波动但整体上升的趋势,而根中SOD活性则呈逐渐降低的趋势。叶片和根中POD活性均随Pb浓度提高呈持续上升的趋势,其中,在450和900μmol·L-1Pb胁迫条件下叶片的POD活性低于对照、根的POD活性高于对照,但均与对照无显著差异;而在1800和2700μmol·L-1Pb胁迫条件下叶片和根的POD活性均显著高于对照。在Pb胁迫条件下叶片和根中AsA和MDA含量均高于对照。随Pb浓度提高,叶片的AsA含量总体上逐渐增加但在450和900μmol·L-1Pb胁迫条件下与对照无显著差异;而根的AsA含量则呈先增加后降低的趋势且均与对照差异显著。随Pb浓度提高,叶片的MDA含量先增后降但均与对照无显著差异;而根的MDA含量呈“高-低-高”的波动趋势且仅在450μmol·L-1Pb胁迫条件下与对照差异显著。综合分析结果显示：狭叶香蒲幼苗根系对Pb胁迫的敏感性可能强于叶片;狭叶香蒲种子可在轻度Pb污染水体中萌发和生长;其幼苗对Pb胁迫具有一定的耐性,可用于中度Pb污染水体的修复。     

Passive Restoration of Atlantic Forest Following Pinus taeda Harvesting in Southern Brazil

The understory of exotic tree plantations can have non‐negligible native species richness. Ecological restoration of these sites may include the harvest of trees, depending on the tradeoff between timber income and harvest impacts on biodiversity. This study aimed to investigate how a site can recover from harvest disturbance, by comparing the regeneration of woody species in the understory of two types of 37‐year‐old Pinus taeda plantation (P1 and P2, high and low relative density of pine seedlings in the understory, respectively), with stands that were similar to P2 but subjected to harvest and then abandoned for 15 years (R sites). Secondary forests (SF) were used as references. We sampled three different sites for each stand condition; soil chemical properties, estimations of litter mass, and canopy cover were measured. P1 had low species diversity, and P2 and R had 50 and 46% of SF richness, respectively. The R site contained few pine saplings and was floristically similar to P2; this indicated that 15 years was sufficient for the recovery of plant diversity to near pre‐harvesting levels. Soil fertility was highest in SF and lowest in P1. Thus old plantations of P. taeda with low relative density of pine juveniles can be cost‐effective starting points for restoration. Despite the destructive effects of pine harvest, recovery of native species can occur rapidly. In situations in which clearcutting of pine stands is not planned or possible, modest thinning of P. taeda adults and/or intensive thinning of juveniles could expedite restoration.     

三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物分解及主要元素变化动态

应用分解袋法研究了三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物的分解失重及其主要营养元素的变化动态。结果表明,小叶章枯落物的年分解速率为0.257,二次指数模型:Wt/W0=0.0399e-0.545t+0.9601e0.018t(R2=0.945)能更好地描述其分解失重动态。分解过程中,C、N、P、Ca的积累系数(NAI)<100%(P<0.05),元素发生了净释放;K、Na的NAI>100%(P<0.05),元素发生了净积累;Mg、Mn、Fe的NAI值与100%无显著差异(P>0.05),元素既有释放又有积累。分解16个月后,小叶章枯落物各元素总体释放率的大小顺序为:Fe>P>Ca>N>C>Mg>Mn>K>Na,而相应元素的释放量分别为:0.106、0.147、0.971、0.568、65.37、-0.017、-0.114、-0.209和-0.125 g.m-2。