Multi-scale trajectory analysis:powerful conceptual tool for understanding ecological change

The model at the basis of trajectory analysis is conceptually simple.When applied to time series vegetation data,the projectile becomes a surrogate for vegetation state,the trajectory for the evolving vegetation process,and the properties of the trajectory for the true process characteristics.Notwithstanding its simplicity,the model is well-defined under natural circumstances and easily adapted to serial vegetation data,irrespective of source.As a major advantage,compared to other models that isolate the elementary processes and probe vegetation dynamics for informative regularities on the elementary level,the trajectory model allows us to probe for regularities on the level of the highest process integrity.Theories and a data analytical methodology developed around the trajectory model are outlined,including many numerical examples.A rich list of key references and volumes of supplementary information supplied in the Web Only Appendices rounds out the presentation.     

沈阳市东部土地利用格局变化

以沈阳市东部１９７６～１９８９年的历史航空像片为基础,以地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）技 术为手段,分析土地利用的空间格局及其变化．结果表明,针叶林、水田平均嵌块体大小增 加,旱地、落叶林、灌丛平均嵌块体大小减少;分数维值略有增加．预示嵌块体形状逐步复 杂化;多样性指数、均匀性指数增加．优势度和蔓延度指数由原来的１．６３２７和８９．２０２２分 别减少到１．３２２６和８８．２７４４,说明景观嵌块体的空间分布趋于均匀,嵌块体的聚集分布状 况将随时间的推移逐步分散化．此外．本文对沈阳东部土地利用格局变化的原因进行了剖 析．     

Fractal genome sequences

The existence of fractal sets of DNA sequences have long been suspected on the basis of statistical analyses of genome data. In this article we identify for the first time explicitly the GA-sequences as a class of fractal genomic sequences that are easy to recognize and to extract, and are scattered densely throughout the chromosomes of a large number of genomes from different species and kingdoms including the human genome. Their existence and their fractality may have significant consequences for our understanding of the origin and evolution of genomes. Furthermore, as universal and natural markers they may be used to chart and explore the non-coding regions.     

Relation between genotype and left-ventricular dilatation in patients with Marfan syndrome

Cardiovascular manifestations in patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) are related to aortic and valvular abnormalities. However, dilatation of the left ventricle (LV) can occur, even in the absence of aortic surgery or valvular abnormalities. We evaluated genetic characteristics of patients with MFS with LV dilatation. One hundred eighty-two patients fulfilling the MFS criteria, without valvular abnormalities or previous aortic surgery, with a complete FBN1 analysis, were studied. FBN1 mutations were identified in over 81% of patients. Twenty-nine patients (16%) demonstrated LV dilatation (LV end diastolic diameter corrected for age and body surface area > 112%). FBN1-positive patients carrying a non-missense mutation more often had LV dilatation than missense mutation carriers (14/74 versus 5/75; p < 0.05). Finally, FBN1-negative MFS patients significantly more often demonstrated LV dilatation than FBN1-positive patients (10/33 versus 19/149; p < 0.05). It is concluded that LV dilatation in MFS patients is more often seen in patients with a non-missense mutation and in those patients without an FBN1 mutation. Therefore physicians should be aware of the possibility of LV dilatation in these patients even in the absence of valvular pathology.     

Relationships between otolith and fish size from Mediterranean and north‐eastern Atlantic species to be used in predator–prey studies

Regressions between fish length and otolith size are provided for 40 species from the north‐eastern Atlantic Ocean and 142 species from the Mediterranean Sea. Regressions were also estimated at genus level. Most of the regressions (c. 84%) explained a high percentage of the deviance (>75%).     

褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)发生的分形性质研究

运用分形理论以安徽省庐江县植保站和江苏省吴县值保站1979～1990年及太湖地区农科所1986～1998年间褐飞虱发生的田间系统调查资料为例,对褐飞虱发生的性质进行了探讨。结果表明：(1)庐江站、吴县站和太湖地区农科所褐飞虱发生在一定标度域内具有分形性质。其分维值分别为0．7158、0．52l2和0．2816;(2)褐飞虱发生的分维值是表征一定标度区间的发生程度差异的一个新的参数,分维值大,则发生程度轻,反之则重(3)分维数D值与褐飞虱发生的聚集程度是密切相关的,D值小聚集程度大,反之聚集程度小,D值可以作为褐E虱聚集分布程度的一个指标;(4)褐飞虱发生具有多重分形结构,其广义维数谱Dq曲线可以用于褐飞虱发生的预测预报。     

Gender and ecological restoration: time to connect the dots

Although the human dimension of ecological restoration has increasingly been recognized in recent years, the gender dimension thereof remains largely unexplored. This article aims to fill this gap in the literature by providing an overview of the current knowledge on gender and ecological restoration. Our analysis of selected academic literature on ecological restoration revealed that scholars have only marginally addressed gender issues in their publications. However, in restoration practice, various initiatives that highlight the importance of including a women's rights and gender perspective can be found. These initiatives seem to indicate that applying a gender approach to restoration practice creates a double benefit. First, integrating gender considerations into restoration efforts is desirable from a human rights and gender equality perspective. Second, different case studies suggest that integrating gender considerations can promote the efficiency and effectiveness of restoration work. Integrating a social and gender dimension into restoration policy and practice should therefore be recommended. This integration process can learn from a wide range of literature on gender and the environment, and from existing practices of gender mainstreaming in this field. Furthermore, international law provides useful policy intentions on gender and restoration that could be used as entry points. To conclude, this article summarizes the main challenges for “connecting the dots” between gender and ecological restoration and formulates some recommendations for the Society for Ecological Restoration.     

广西木论自然保护区铁榄群落主要乔木种群格局的分形特征

为了揭示种群空间分布特征随尺度的变化规律,探讨不同种群对空间资源的占据能力和生态适应能力及分形差异,采用计盒维数、信息维数和关联维数对木论自然保护区铁榄群落主要乔木种群格局特征进行了研究。结果表明,优势种铁榄（Sinosideroxylon pedunculatum）、东女贞（Ligustrum japonicum）、小栾树（Boniodendron minius）、稀有濒危种掌叶木（Handeliodendron bodinieri）、青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii）5个种群在相应的尺度具有明显的分形特征;计盒维数和信息维数大小顺序一致,均为：铁榄〉东女贞〉小栾树〉掌叶木〉青檀;在5个种群中,铁榄计盒维数为1．7763最大,接近2,对空间环境的占据能力最强,信息维数（1．7206）也最大,个体聚集强度强,在群落中处于绝对优势地位,青檀计盒维数（0．8316）和信息维数（0．8990）最小,对环境的占据利用能力弱,个体聚集程度整体较弱,在群落中处于伴生地位;在0．5～50m的尺度上,关联维数大小顺序为：铁榄（1．7314）〉东女贞（1．6688）〉小栾树（1．6050）〉青檀（0．7868）,而掌叶木只有在大的尺度上才出现关联,且关联较强。3个分形维数大小的不同组合,能够全面揭示不同种群格局特征和种群在群落中所处地位的差异。     

植被恢复对黄土区煤矿排土场土壤团聚体特征的影响

目前关于植被恢复对排土场土壤团聚性的影响还不清楚,以植被恢复下黄土区露天煤矿排土场为研究对象,采用湿筛法测定了排土场土壤水稳性团聚体组成,研究了植被恢复类型(草地、灌木)和排土场地形(平台、边坡)对土壤团聚体特征的影响。结果表明:植被恢复促进了排土场水稳性团聚体的形成,平台0—20 cm土层水稳性大团聚体数量(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)分别达到31.1%,0.70 mm和0.26 mm,边坡分别达到13.3%,0.37 mm和0.17 mm,均显著高于裸地,分形维数(D)在平台和边坡分别为2.91和2.96,均显著低于裸地;平台土壤团聚性要好于边坡,草地对于平台土壤团聚结构改良效果较好,而灌木对于边坡改良效果较好;排土场土壤有机碳和粘粒含量均与土壤团聚体指标有显著相关性。植被恢复提高了排土场土壤团聚性,植被恢复类型和地形对排土场土壤团聚体特征有显著影响。     

元宝山南方红豆杉克隆种群分布格局的分形特征

南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var. mairei)是提取抗癌药物紫杉醇的珍贵资源植物。分布于广西元宝山自然保护区的南方红豆杉,自然状态下以克隆繁殖方式进行种群更新,研究其种群克隆生长的空间分布格局,可揭示种群克隆繁殖特性和生态适应机制,对南方红豆杉这一珍稀濒危物种的保护和管理具有重要意义。利用分形理论中的计盒维数和信息维数,对元宝山的南方红豆杉克隆种群空间分布格局的分形特征进行了分析,结果表明:种群空间分布格局存在分形特征,其计盒维数介于0.993 1~1.353 1之间,信息维数介于1.350 8~1.652 1。南方红豆杉克隆种群格局的计盒维数远离最大理论维数值2,种群总体对空间的占据能力较弱。克隆构型指数与种群计盒维数密切相关。分析结果显示,克隆构型趋于“密集型”的种群具有较强的空间占据能力,而克隆构型趋于“游击型”的种群其空间占据能力较弱。信息维数与种群的集聚强度密切相关,其差异反映了种群格局强度的变化,较大的信息维数反映种群个体的集聚强度较高,而较小的信息维数则反映出种群个体间的集聚强度较弱,其维数值大小与分株种群数量、分株种群斑块的空间配置密切相关。