短命植物小甘菊营养器官解剖学研究

小甘菊（Cancriniadiscoidea（Idb．）Pok）营养器官的结构特点为望叶表皮细胞中含有叶绿体;茎内有大型长弧形裂腔;叶为等而叶,叶柄近轴面具栅栏组织却为异而叶的极特殊结构,具C4植物型结构特征;根具次生结构,茎（花葶）仅有初生结构。     

Comparative Prey Suitability ofOstrinia nubilalisEggs andAcyrthosiphon pisumforColeomegilla maculata

The effects ofOstrinia nubilalis(Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs andAcyrthosiphon pisum(Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), when provided as single prey species and in combination, on life history characteristics ofColeomegilla maculataDeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) larvae and adults were quantified. Preimaginal development was not influenced by the larval prey regime; development at 26 ± 1°C was completed in approximately 13.5 days onO. nubilaliseggs,A. pisum,orA. pisumalternated daily withO. nubilaliseggs. The resulting adults weighed 13.0, 10.7, and 12.5 mg when reared onO. nubilaliseggs,A. pisum,andA. pisumalternated daily withO. nubilaliseggs, respectively. Eighteen percent of the individuals died when reared onA. pisum,28% died when reared onO. nubilaliseggs, and 22% died when fedA. pisumalternated daily withO. nubilaliseggs. Seven adult diet combinations, based on diet regimes of larvae and adults, did not cause significant differences in preoviposition period, interoviposition period, and the number of days on which eggs were laid. Total fecundity was influenced both by larval and adult diet. The diet that resulted in highly fecund females wasA. pisumalternated daily withO. nubilaliseggs for larvae andO. nubilaliseggs for adults. FemaleC. maculatafedO. nubilaliseggs had the highest intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rate.     

从幼苗形态学特征探讨红豆杉科各属间的系统演化

本文根据幼苗的形态学特征,尤其是子叶的结构、说明在红豆杉科中最原始的属是榧树属,其幼苗为留土萌发,植株粗壮;子叶肥厚,有吸收功能,叶肉不分化,其细胞中充满淀粉粒：维管束在子叶的上部或顶部为单束2条,下部合并成双束1条。其次是穗花杉属,幼苗为出土萌发,植株粗壮,下胚轴的下部肥厚;子叶稍肉质,叶肉不分化,质体淡绿,有一定的光合功能,但主要是积累淀粉,维管束双束1条,在子叶的顶端趋于分裂。最进化的是红豆杉属和白豆杉属,可能还有澳洲红豆杉属,其幼苗为出土萌发,植株纤细;子叶薄,叶状,叶肉分化成栅栏和海绵组织,维管束单束1条。本科中族的划分和属的系统排列,从原始到进化,应该是：族1．榧树族(1．榧树属);族2．穗花杉族(2．穗花杉属);族3．红豆杉族(3．澳洲红豆杉属,4．红豆杉属,5．白豆杉属)。     

陕西陇县战国时代人类牙齿形态特征

本文记述了陕西县出土的战国时代人类牙齿形态特征。数据对比和统计分析显示：与华北新石器时代人类相比,陇县人类牙齿形态特征除具有典型蒙古人种的共同特点外,与现代华北人更为接近。作者认为在近一万年内华北地区人类在体质特征上经历了某种规律性的演化过程,其表现特点是朝向现代华北人的方向转变。这一过程反映了东北亚地区人类在这一特定时间内体质特征的微观演化趋势。     

Evolutionary processes in the genusCapsella (Brassicaceae)

Capsella comprises diploid (C. grandiflora andC. rubella) and tetraploid taxa. It is argued that the tetraploidC. bursa-pastoris is of intraspecific origin despite disomic inheritance and fixed heterozygosity. It is of considerable age as evidenced by the fossil record and molecular data. Gene duplication by polyploidization and a mixed mating system provided the genetic flexibility for greatest colonizing success. Pronounced variation patterns at a micro- and macrogeographic scale are observed inC. bursa-pastoris for many characters including life history traits, leaf morphology and allozymes. This variation pattern can be explained by several components comprising phylogenetic age, random processes, ecotypic variation and colonization history. The adaptive strategy ofC. bursa-pastoris cannot be assigned to either ecotypic differentiation or phenotypic plasticity alone. It depends on the trait under study.Dedicated to emer. Univ.-Prof. DrFriedrich Ehrendorfer on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Genetic analysis of morphological index and its related taxonomic traits for classification of indica/japonica rice

A doubled haploid population derived from anther culture of ZYQ8/JX17 F₁, a typical indica and japonica hybrid, was used in this study. Morphological index and its related taxonomic traits were investigated in 121 DH lines. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for morphological index and its related taxonomic traits were analyzed. Two major QTLs for leaf hairiness, three QTLs for length/width of grain, one QTL for color of hull when heading, one QTL for hairiness of hull, two QTLs for length of the first and second panicle internode, and one major QTL and two QTLs for phenol reaction were detected. Four QTLs for morphological index were also identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 4 and 6, respectively, three of which on chromosomes 1, 3 and 6, respectively, were found to be located in the same chromosome regions where some QTLs for the related taxonomic traits were located.     

Spatial patterns of the biological traits of freshwater fish communities in south‐west France

Spatial patterns in the combinations of biological traits of fish communities were studied in the Garonne River system (57 000 km², south‐west France). Fish species assemblages were recorded at 554 sampling sites, and the biological traits of species were described using a fuzzy‐coding method. A co‐inertia analysis of species distributions and biological traits identified some spatial patterns of species trait combinations. Fish species richness progressively increased from up‐ to downstream sections, and the longitudinal patterns of fish assemblages partitioned the river into clear biogeographic areas, such as the brown trout Salmo trutta (headwater streams), the grayling Thymallus thymallus , the barbel Barbus barbus and the bream Abramis brama zones (most downstream sections), which fitted with Huet's well‐known zonation for western European rivers. Only a few biological traits, chiefly related to life‐history attributes, significantly influenced the observed fish distributions. Fecundity, potential size, maximum age and reproductive factor increased from headwater to plain reaches. As a theoretical framework for assessing and predicting the functional organization of stream fish communities, spatial variations in species traits can be related to habitat conditions, thus providing explicit spatial schemes that may be useful to the design of both scientific studies and river management.     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林林冠层树种功能多样性特征

以海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林3块1 hm²样地为研究对象,利用11个林冠功能性状结合样地地形及林冠乔木树种样地清查数据,分别基于单维性状和多维性状比较物种多度加权对群落功能离散度指数——平均成对距离(MPD)和平均最近类群距离(MNTD)的影响;同时分析林冠层功能丰富度(FRic)与物种丰富度之间的关系,最后利用零模型探讨不同生境类型下标准化效应MPD和MNTD(经过物种多度加权且剔除群落物种丰富度差异影响)的变化,进而评价林冠层群落水平功能多样性格局及其对局域生境异质性的响应.结果表明: 功能性状维度和物种多度对MPD的影响强烈,不同维度功能性状多度加权前后MPD相关性较弱(R=0.359～0.628);但对MNTD的影响相对较弱,不同维度功能性状多度加权前后MNTD相关性较强(R=0.746～0.820);未经物种多度加权的MPD和MNTD均普遍高估了林冠层的功能离散度.林冠层功能丰富度与物种丰富度基本呈指数相关关系(F=128.20;R²=0.632;AIC=97.72;P＜0.001),且功能丰富度很有可能存在一定的物种丰富度阈值.基于不同维度功能性状的林冠层功能多样性格局及其生境响应存在一定的差异性.在生物竞争激烈的低沟生境中,林冠层功能多样性倾向于比预期零模型随机产生的功能多样性高,林冠树种功能性状表现出离散分布;而在其他生境类型中,林冠层功能多样性倾向于接近或低于随机产生的功能多样性,林冠树种功能性状随机或聚集分布.     

不同梭梭种群同化枝的解剖结构特征及其与生态因子的关系分析

该研究于中国西北干旱区按自然降水梯度从东向西选择6个梭梭种群,取其当年生同化枝作为试验材料,采用石蜡切片法,应用光学显微技术测定同化枝9项解剖结构指标,分析不同生境下梭梭同化枝解剖结构的变异特点以及与生态因子的关系,为干旱区生态环境保护和梭梭资源的保护与利用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)干旱荒漠环境的梭梭同化枝解剖结构具有连续的栅栏组织、花环结构、含晶细胞和贮水组织等结构特征,但其表皮细胞、角质层厚度、气孔位置和气下室与旱生植物结构有差异,主要表现为表皮细胞和角质层较薄,气孔半下陷且气下室不发达。(2)梭梭同化枝各种群间的9项解剖结构指标都存在显著差异,其中变异系数较大的是维管束个数/直径和角质层厚度,变异系数分别为22.78%和15.20%;相关分析表明:同化枝直径、栅栏细胞切向长、贮水组织厚度和维管柱直径均与经度、纬度、海拔、一月均温、七月均温、年均温、年降水量和年相对湿度等8个生态因子有不同程度的相关性,其中与经度、海拔、七月均温和年平均相对湿度显著相关。(3)6个梭梭种群通过聚类分析可分为两大类,分析结果与所观察到的生境类型、地理分布的划分基本一致;随着自然降水量自东向西减少,梭梭的抗旱性相应逐渐增强。     

海拔对全缘叶绿绒蒿植株性状和花特征的表型选择分析

为了研究海拔差异对植株性状、花特征表型选择的影响,以青藏高原高寒草甸的全缘叶绿绒蒿（Meconopsis integrifolia）为研究材料,于盛花期内,测定不同海拔（4 452、4 081和3 681 m）种群中个体植株性状、花特征、单果结实数并进行统计分析,采用线性回归模型估计不同海拔种群间植株性状、花特征所受的表型选择（选择差与选择梯度）。结果表明：（1）随着海拔升高,全缘叶绿绒蒿植株性状、花特征及单果结实数显著降低,海拔越高的种群中株高越矮、叶面积越小、花数越少、花越小、单果结实数越低。（2）不同海拔种群中各性状的表型选择存在差异,较低海拔（3 681 m）种群中花数、花大小具有显著的选择差和选择梯度,表现为花越多、花越大的个体雌性适合度越高;海拔较高（4 081 m）的种群中株高、叶面积及花数更容易受到选择,表现为植株越高、叶面积越大、花越多的个体雌性适合度越高;海拔最高（4 452 m）的种群中叶面积与花数的选择梯度接近显著。（3）植物性状分化伴随着海拔的变化而呈现出差异,较低海拔种群中花特征容易受到选择,而较高海拔种群中可能由于传粉者稀少、资源限制等因素使得株高、叶面积更容易受到选择。