中国南方古生代的一些海相新藻类(英文)

本文报道中国南方广西、贵州晚泥盆世-早石炭世的钙质微体古生物,描述红藻新属Yishanella及其二个新种(Yishanelle filosasp.nov.,Y.multitubalasp.nov.),一个绿藻新种(Pseudokamaenaregularissp.nov.)和一种分类位置未定化石(Menselina nanasp.nov.)。该微体植物群繁衍于透光带中。识别出三个组合,分别代表清洁水体的Girvanella,泥质的Issinella和介于二者之间的Menselina环境。     

Parasites and phytoplankton, with special emphasis on dinoflagellate infections

Planktonic members of most algal groups are known to harbor intracellular symbionts, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Among the dinoflagellates, viral and bacterial associations were recognized a quarter century ago, yet their impact on host populations remains largely unresolved. By contrast, fungal and protozoan infections of dinoflagellates are well documented and generally viewed as playing major roles in host population dynamics. Our understanding of fungal parasites is largely based on studies for freshwater diatoms and dinoflagellates, although fungal infections are known for some marine phytoplankton. In freshwater systems, fungal chytrids have been linked to mass mortalities of host organisms, suppression or retardation of phytoplankton blooms, and selective effects on species composition leading to successional changes in plankton communities. Parasitic dinoflagellates of the genus Amoebophrya and the newly described Perkinsozoa, Parvilucifera infectans, are widely distributed in coastal waters of the world where they commonly infect photosynthetic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates. Recent work indicates that these parasites can have significant impacts on host physiology, behavior, and bloom dynamics. Thus, parasitism needs to be carefully considered in developing concepts about plankton dynamics and the flow of material in marine food webs.     

Physiological studies of eicosapentaenoic acid production in the marine microalga Glossomastix chrysoplasta

We describe the characterization of the microalga Glossomastix chrysoplasta, an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) producer in the Pinguiophyceae class, Chromophyte division. Growth conditions were selected to optimize algal growth and EPA production. EPA represented up to 30% of the fatty acid content of Glossomastix chrysoplasta, at levels of 22 mg EPA per gram dry weight. Up to 72% of the EPA was produced as glycolipids, components of structural lipids. The optimal growth conditions in continuous culture were found to be greater than 500 micromol photons/m(2) . s light intensity, 0.33/day dilution rate, pH 7.20-7.45, and a temperature of 18-20 degrees C. Macronutrient studies indicated the limiting nutrient to be bicarbonate or dissolved carbon dioxide, and consequently decreasing pH increased EPA production.     

不同氮源对球形棕囊藻生长的影响

采用实验室培养的方法比较了6种不同氮源-硝态氮、尿素、甘氨酸、精氨酸、谷氨酸、腺嘌呤对典型赤潮藻球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)生长的影响。结果表明,6种氮源均能不同程度地促进球形棕囊藻的生长,但比生长速率和光合作用效率具有显著差异性。将球形棕囊藻在不同浓度氮源下的最大比生长速率分别拟合Monod方程,得出球形棕囊藻在硝态氮、尿素、甘氨酸、精氨酸、谷氨酸和腺嘌呤等6种氮源下的最大比生长率分别为1.05,1.17,0.82,0.87,1.09,0.90d^-1,相应的半饱和常数分别为9.132,23.758,85.519,7.104,23.94,10.959μmol/L。其中,高氮浓度(8820μmol/L)下腺嘌呤对球型棕囊藻的生长具有显著抑制作用。相比较而言,球形棕囊藻对甘氨酸的亲和力最高。当硝态氮、尿素、甘氨酸、精氨酸、谷氨酸和腺嘌呤的浓度分别为8820,882,882,8820,882,0.441μmol/L时,球形棕囊藻的最大光合效率(Fv/Fm)分别为0.619,0.620,0.579,0.595,0.648,0.667。由此可见,氮源对球形棕囊藻的生长和光合作用具有显著影响;球形棕囊藻能够利用多种无机和有机氮源,与其它仅能利用无机氮源的浮游植物相比,更具有竞争优势。     

Isolation and Characterization of a Free Gibberellin and Glucosyl Esters of Gibberellins in Mature Seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris

Treatment of N⁶,N⁶,5′-O-tribenzoyl-2′,3′-O-isopropylidenetubercidin (VI) with aqueous acetic acid afforded N⁶,5′-O-dibenzoyltubercidin (V), which was mesylated to yield the dimesylate X. On treatment of X with sodium iodide and zinc dust, the 2′,3′-unsaturated derivatives of tubercidin XI and XIII were obtained.

N⁶,5′-O-Dibenzoyltubercidin 2′,3′-thionocarbonate (XIV), prepared from V by treatment with Corey-Winter reagent, was converted to the 1-methyl-2′,3′-unsaturated derivative XV in refluxing trimethyl phosphite.     

四川黄龙钙华沉积区附生藻垫生物与水环境因子相关性分析

【背景】近年来,四川省黄龙风景区钙华沉积地貌上藻垫大面积滋生,厚度达3-5cm,严重影响了钙华的持续沉积及欣赏价值。【目的】为有效控制藻类过度生长,并提出相关治理方法措施,需要对藻垫的结构特征及滋生原因进行深入分析。【方法】利用PE-250高通量测序平台对黄龙钙华沉积区典型附生藻垫剖面的不同层次进行真核物种组成分析,同时通过场发射扫描电子显微镜对其微观形貌进行表征,并且对藻垫的生长厚度与水环境参数进行了相关性分析。【结果】藻垫内的真核生物有400种左右,优势藻类主要为硅藻门(Diatomea)、轮虫动物门(Rotifera)和链型植物门(Streptophyta),硅藻门主要为桥弯藻属(Cymbella)。非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)统计和聚类分析表明,藻垫的中层和底层真核物种组成具有较高的相似性。场发射扫描电子显微镜的结果显示,硅藻主要分布在藻垫上层,中层主要为丝状藻类,底层为钙华颗粒填充在丝状藻构成的网状结构中。水质参数与藻垫生长的相关性分析表明,藻垫厚度主要与水体中的总氮(total nitrogen, T...     

古尔班通古特沙漠藻类结皮中微生物群落空间分异特征

古尔班通古特沙漠短命和旱生植物在沙漠东西走向上形成明显的种群变化梯度,那么沙漠藻类结皮土壤中微生物是否也具有类似地空间分布特征?为研究该科学问题,采用高通量测序技术,探究沙漠东西走向上藻类结皮土壤中细菌和真菌群落结构分布规律。在古尔班通古特沙漠西部、中部和东部区域分别采集藻类结皮土样,进行土壤理化因子分析及细菌和真菌扩增子测序,对比不同区域土壤理化性质和微生物群落空间分异特征,分析微生物多样性与环境因子相关性,最后根据微生物物种种类对其功能进行预测分析。结果表明：藻类结皮土壤氮素、全磷、全钾、pH以及土壤化学计量比碳磷比(C∶P)和氮磷比(N∶P)在沙漠不同区域存在显著性差异,其余指标空间尺度上变化梯度较小。微生物α多样性结果显示3个区域藻类结皮土壤中细菌群落丰富度和多样性存在显著性差异,东部与西部区域产生明显分化;而真菌α多样性指数无显著性差异,群落结构较为均匀,未产生分化。β多样性结果显示细菌群落在西部与东部藻类结皮间存在显著性差异,沙漠中部为沙漠西部和东部的过渡带。门水平细菌优势菌群为蓝藻门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门;真菌为子囊菌门和担子菌门。属水平上,丰度前30个属在沙漠不同区域表现...     

Botryococcus braunii: A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and Other Chemicals

ABSTRACT:?

Botryococcus braunii, a green colonial microalga, is an unusually rich renewable source of hydrocarbons and other chemicals. Hydrocarbons can constitute up to 75% of the dry mass of B. braunii. This review details the various facets of biotechnology of B. braunii, including its microbiology and physiology; production of hydrocarbons and other compounds by the alga; methods of culture; downstream recovery and processing of algal hydrocarbons; and cloning of the algal genes into other microorganisms. B. braunii converts simple inorganic compounds and sunlight to potential hydrocarbon fuels and feedstocks for the chemical industry. Microorganisms such as B. braunii can, in the long run, reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and because of this B. braunii continues to attract much attention.     

ω-O-Acylceramides but not ω-hydroxy ceramides are required for healthy lamellar phase architecture of skin barrier lipids

Epidermal omega-O-acylceramides (ω-O-acylCers) are essential components of a competent skin barrier. These unusual sphingolipids with ultralong N-acyl chains contain linoleic acid esterified to the terminal hydroxyl of the N-acyl, the formation of which requires the transacylase activity of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 1 (PNPLA1). In ichthyosis with dysfunctional PNPLA1, ω-O-acylCer levels are significantly decreased, and ω-hydroxylated Cers (ω-OHCers) accumulate. Here, we explore the role of the linoleate moiety in ω-O-acylCers in the assembly of the skin lipid barrier. Ultrastructural studies of skin samples from neonatal Pnpla1^+/+ and Pnpla1^-/- mice showed that the linoleate moiety in ω-O-acylCers is essential for lamellar pairing in lamellar bodies, as well as for stratum corneum lipid assembly into the long periodicity lamellar phase. To further study the molecular details of ω-O-acylCer deficiency on skin barrier lipid assembly, we built in vitro lipid models composed of major stratum corneum lipid subclasses containing either ω-O-acylCer (healthy skin model), ω-OHCer (Pnpla1^-/- model), or combination of the two. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and permeability studies indicated that ω-OHCers could not substitute for ω-O-acylCers, although in favorable conditions, they form a medium lamellar phase with a 10.8 nm-repeat distance and permeability barrier properties similar to long periodicity lamellar phase. In the absence of ω-O-acylCers, skin lipids were prone to separation into two phases with diminished barrier properties. The models combining ω-OHCers with ω-O-acylCers indicated that accumulation of ω-OHCers does not prevent ω-O-acylCer-driven lamellar stacking. These data suggest that ω-O-acylCer supplementation may be a viable therapeutic option in patients with PNPLA1 deficiency.     

Resolving the complex relationship between harmful algal blooms and environmental factors in the coastal waters adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary

The sea area adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary is the most notable region for harmful algal blooms (HABs¹) in China as both diatom and dinoflagellate blooms have been recorded in this region. Affected by the Changjiang diluted water (CDW²) and currents from the open ocean (i.e., Taiwan warm current, TWC³), the environmental conditions in the coastal waters adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary are quite complex. To obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms of HABs in this region, analyses based on field investigation data collected by the National Basic Research Priority Program (CEOHAB I⁴) were performed using principle component analysis (PCA⁵), multiple regression analysis (MRA⁶) and path analysis (PA⁷). The results suggested that phosphate and silicate are the major factors that directly affect the diatom bloom, while dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN⁸), temperature and turbidity are the factors that influence the dinoflagellate bloom. CDW and the TWC have different roles in affecting the two types of algal blooms. CDW, which has a high concentration of nitrate and silicate, is essential for the diatom bloom, while the intrusion of the TWC (mainly Kuroshio subsurface water that is rich in phosphate at the bottom) is critical for the maintenance of the dinoflagellate bloom. The results of this study offer a better understanding of the mechanisms of HABs in the East China Sea.