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81.
Detection of rapid induction kinetics with a new type of high-frequency modulated chlorophyll fluorometer 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
U. Schreiber 《Photosynthesis research》1986,9(1-2):261-272
A newly developed modulation fluorometer is described which operates with 1 sec light pulses from a light-emitting diode (LED) at 100 KHz. Special amplification circuits assure a highly selective recording of pulse fluorescence signals against a vast background of non-modulated light. The system tolerates ratios of up to 1:107 between measuring light and actinic light. Thus it is possible to measure the dark fluorescence yield and record the kinetics of light-induced changes. A high time resolution allows the recording of the rapid relaxation kinetic following a saturating single turnover flash. Examples of system performance are given. It is shown that following a flash the reoxidation kinetics of photosystem II acceptors are slowed down not only by the inhibitor DCMU, but by a number of other treatments as well. From a light intensity dependency of the induction kinetics the existence of two saturated intermediate levels (I1 and I2) is apparent, which indicates the removal of three distinct types of fluorescence quenching in the overall fluorescence rise from F0 to Fmax.Abbreviations QA and QB
consecutive electron acceptors of photosystem II
- PS II
photosystem II
- P 680
reaction center chlorophyll of photosystem II
- F0
minimum fluorescence yield following dark adaptation
- Fmax
maximum fluorescence yield
- DCMU
3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethyl-urea
- DCCD
N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
- PQ
plastoquinone
- DAD
diaminodurene
Dedicated to Prof. L.N.M. Duysens on the occasion of his retirement. 相似文献
82.
We have compared the ability of shadegrown clones of Solamum dulcamara L. from shade and sun habitats to acclimate to bright light, as a function of nitrogen nutrition before and after transfer to bright light. Leaves of S. dulcamara grown in the shade with 0.6 mM NO
3
-
have similar photosynthetic properties as leaves of plants grown with 12.0 mM NO
3
-
. When transferred to bright light for 1–2 d the leaves of these plants show substantial photoinhibition which is characterized by about 50% decrease in apparent quantum yield and a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis in air at light saturation. Photoinhibition of leaf photosynthesis is associated with reduction in the variable component of low-temperature fluorescence emission, and with loss of in-vitro electron transport, especially of photosystem II-dependent processes.We find no evidence for ecotypic differentiation in the potential for photosynthetic acclimation among shade and sun clones of S. dulcamara, or of differentiation with respect to nitrogen requirements for acclimation. Recovery from photoinhibition and subsequent acclimation of photosynthesis to bright light only occurs in leaves of plants provided with 12.0 mM NO
3
-
. In these, apparent quantum yield is fully restored after 14 d, and photosynthetic acclimation is shown by an increase in light-saturated photosynthesis in air, of light-and CO2-saturated photosynthesis, and of the initial slope of the CO2-response curve. The latter changes are highly correlated with changes in ribulose-bisphosphate-carboxylase activity in vitro. Plants supplied with 0.6 mM NO
3
-
show incomplete recovery of apparent quantum yield after 14 d, but CO2-dependent leaf photosynthetic parameters return to control levels.Symbols and abbreviations Fo
initial level of fluorescence at 77 K
- Fm
maximum level of fluorescence at 77 K
- Fv
variable components of fluorescence at 77 K (Fv=Fm-Fo)
- PSI, PSII
photosystem I and II, respectively
- RuBP
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
- RuBPCase
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) 相似文献
83.
The effect of phosphate feeding on the influence of low (2%) oxygen on photosynthetic carbon assimilation has been investigated in leaf discs of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) at 12°C. The following observations were made. First, after the transition from 20% O2 to 2% O2, the rate of CO2 uptake was inhibited at CO2 concentrations between about 250 and about 800 l CO2·l-1. Second, phosphate feeding stimulated the rate of CO2 uptake in 20% O2 at higher concentrations of CO2 (500–900 l·l-1). Third, phosphate feeding stimulated the rate of CO2 uptake in 2% O2 at all but the highest (900 l·l-1) and lowest 74 (l·l-1) concentrations of CO2 employed. Phosphate thereby restored the stimulation of photosynthesis by 2% O2 and it did so over a wide range of lower temperatures. Fourth, oscillatory behaviour, however generated, was dampened by phosphate feeding, even at very low concentrations of CO2. Contents of leaf metabolites were measured during the transition to 2% O2 in control and phosphate-fed leaf discs. During this period the ratio glycerate-3-phosphate/triose phosphate rose steeply, but fell again only in the phosphate-treated leaf discs. These data, taken together with measured ATP/ADP ratios, showed that assimilatory power, the ratio [ATP]·[NAD(P)H]/[ADP]·[Pi]·[NAD(P)], decreased when leaves were exposed to 2% O2, but that this decrease was minimised by previous feeding of phosphate. The mechanism of phosphate limitation is discussed in the light of the results.Abbreviations Ci
intercellular concentration of CO2
- RuBP
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate 相似文献
84.
Spectrally pure reaction center preparations from Chloroflexus aurantiacus have been obtained in a stable form; however, the product contained several contaminating polypeptides. The reaction center pigment molecules (probably three bacteriochlorophyll a and three bacteriopheophytin a molecules) are associated with two polypeptides (Mr = 30000 and 28000) in a reaction center complex of Mr = 52000. No carotenoid is present in the complex. These data together with previous spectral data suggest that the Chloroflexus reaction center represents a more primitive evolutionary form of the purple bacterial reaction center, and that it has little if any relationship to the green bacterial component. A reaction center preparation from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R26 was fully denatured at 50°C while the Chloroflexus reaction center required higher temperatures (70–75°C) for complete denaturation. Thus, an intrinsic membrane protein of a photosynthetic thermophile has been demonstrated to have greater thermal stability than the equivalent component of a mesophile. 相似文献
85.
Chemical modification of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores by 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) results in inactivation of photophosphorylation, Mg2+-ATPase, oxidative phosphorylation and ATP-driven transhydrogenase, with apparent first-order kinetics. Other energy-linked reactions such as light-driven transhydrogenase and light-dependent proton uptake were insensitive to NBD-Cl. The Ca2+-ATPase activity of the soluble coupling factor from chromatophores (R. rubrum F1) was inactivated by NBD-Cl with kinetics resembling those described for Mg2+-ATPase and photophosphorylation activities of chromatophores. Both NBD-chromatophores and NBD-R. rubrum F1 fully recovered their activities when subjected to thiolysis by dithioerythritol. Phosphoryl transfer reactions of chromatophores and Ca2+-ATPase activity of R. rubrum F1 were fully protected by 5 mM Pi against modification by NBD-Cl. ADP or ATP afforded partial protection. Analysis of the protection of Ca2+-ATPase activity by Pi indicated that NBD-Cl and Pi are mutually exclusive ligands. Spectroscopic studies revealed that tyrosine and sulfhydryl residues in R. rubrum F1 underwent modification by NBD-Cl. However, the inactivation was only related to the modification of tyrosine groups. 相似文献
86.
We explored O2 flash yield in two cyanophytes, Anacystis nidulans and Agmenellum quadruplicatum. On a rate-measuring electrode, a single flash gave a contour of O2 evolution with a peak at about 10 ms which was maximum (100) for 680 nm background light. On 625 nm illumination the peak was smaller (62) but was followed by an increased tail of O2 attributed to enhancement of the background. After a period of darkness, repetitive flashes (5 Hz) gave a highly damped initial oscillation in individual flash yields which finally reached steady state at 94% of the yield for 680 nm illumination. When O2 of repetitive flashes was measured as an integrated flash yield the results was distinctive and similar to that for a continuous light 1 (680 nm). An apparent inhibition of respiration which persisted into the following dark period was taken as evidence for the Kok effect. With a concentration-measuring electrode, integrated flash yield vs. flash rate showed the same nonlinear behavior as O2 rate vs. intensity of light 1. We draw three conclusions about the two cyanophytes. (a) The plastoquinone pool is substantially reduced in darkness. (b) Because of a high ratio of reaction centers, reaction center 1 / reaction center 2, for the two photoreactions, saturating flashes behave as light 1. (c) Because repetitive flashes are light 1, they also give a Kok effect which must be guarded against in measurements designed to count reaction centers. 相似文献
87.
A recently introduced approach far estimating the photosynthetic quantum efficiency (φ) of a freshwater or marine phytoplankton community has been applied for the first time to high latitude polar ecosystems, namely four lakes of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Values for φ at various depths ranged from 0.0022–0.1560 when calculated using a recommended mean extinction coefficient for phytoplankton (i.e. k?c= 0.016). By contrast, φ ranged from 0.0037–0.0760 when calculated using an empirically estimated value for k?c of 0.0328. If the recommended k?c= 0.016 more closely approaches an accurate estimate, then the φ valves indicate that the phytoplankton convert light to organic carbon more efficiently than elsewhere. However, if the empirically derived k?c= 0.0328 more closely approaches an accurate estimate, then the φ values indicate the phytoplankton trap light more efficiently than elsewhere. Although we have not resolved whether light conversion (φ) or light trapping are more efficient, the results show that the phytoplankton of these Antarctic lakes are well adapted to performing photosynthesis under extremely low light conditions. 相似文献
88.
James A. Bunce 《Photosynthesis research》1983,4(1):87-97
Photosynthetic characteristics at high measurement irradiance were analyzed for single leaves of two C3 and one C4 species grown under twenty one combinations of irradiance level, irradiance duration, and air temperature in order to test the idea that photosynthetic characteristies developed by leaves in different environments are controlled by the daily amount of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic rates per unit area and mesophyll conductances at 25°C and air levels of CO2 and O2, and parameters for two photosynthesis models were used to characterize the photosynthetic properties of the leaves. Leaves with highest values of the photosynthetic parameters for each species were often developed in environments with irradiance levels below saturation for photosynthesis, and with only 12 hours of irradiance per day. Lower air temperature during growth increased the photosynthetic characteristics for a given irradiance regime. Photosynthetic characteristics had higher correlation coefficients with daily photosynthesis of mature leaves divided by 24-hour leaf elongation rates of young leaves, than with daily photosynthesis alone, indicating that photosynthetic characteristics may be related to a balance between photosynthesis and leaf expansion. 相似文献
89.
叶龄及树冠不同部位光强对黄花梨光合速率的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
笔者以黄花梨为试材,研究了叶龄及树冠不同部位光强对其光合速率的影响。结果表明:黄花梨叶片在展叶后约11天即有少量光合产物输出,25天时,单叶净光合速率接近最大值;密植梨树高光合叶幕厚度约125cm左右。 相似文献
90.