中国苜蓿植物资源概述

综述了中国苜蓿属植物资源、品种资源及利用概况,并对苜蓿植物资源的进一步利用前景进行了探讨。     

中国衣藻属研究（I）

报道了衣藻属（Chlamydomonas）的9个新种：近条纹衣藻、具孔衣藻、顶角衣藻、近环形衣藻、具粒衣藻、近具喙衣藻、不整衣藻、疣突衣藻、倒卵形衣藻,以及4个新变种：阿美衣藻大型变种、似博泡衣藻大型变种、侏儒衣藻陈氏变种和锥形衣藻胶被变种。     

Acceptance of low-saponin lines of alfalfa with varied phenolic concentrations by pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

This research aims to examine the effect of phenolics on pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) (Homoptera: Aphididae) development and feeding behaviour, on leaves of selected low-saponin lines of Radius alfalfa (Medicago sativa). There was a slight, negative correlation (Spearman rank correlation r _s = −0.80) between concentrations of saponins and phenols. Lines with higher concentrations of saponins had less phenolics. Levels of phenolics in low-saponin lines of alfalfa cv. Radius were related to their acceptance by the pea aphid. Our data revealed an inverse relationship between level of phenolics and the aphid abundance and its biology on studied alfalfa lines. Larval development of the pea aphid was longer, reproduction period was shorter, and the fecundity was lower on low-saponin lines with higher level of phenolics. There were observed some tendencies in the pea aphid feeding behaviour on these lines: prolonging the probing of the peripheral tissues (epidermis and mesophyll) and shortening the period of phloem sap ingestion. The better hosts for the pea aphid were low-saponin lines with low levels of phenolic compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> direct organogenesis and regeneration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa</Emphasis>

A rapid and efficient plant regeneration protocol for a wide range of alfalfa genotypes was developed via direct organogenesis. Through a successive excision of the newly developed apical and axillary shoots, a lot of adventitious buds were directly induced from the cotyledonary nodes when hypocotyl of explants were vertically inserted into modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.025 mg dm⁻³ thidiazuron (TDZ) and 3 mg dm⁻³ AgNO₃. When the lower part of shoots excised from explants were immersed into the liquid medium with 1.0 mg dm⁻³ α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for 2 min, and then transferred to hormone free half-strength MS medium, over 83.3 % of the shoots developed roots, and all plantlets could acclimatize and establish in soil. The protocol has been successfully applied to eight genotypes, with regeneration frequencies ranging from 63.8 to 82.5 %.     

Assessing indica-japonica differentiation of improved rice varieties using microsatellite markers

To assess the indica-japonica differentiation of improved rice varieties, a total of 512 modem varieties including 301 indica and 211 japonica accessions were analyzed using 36 microsatellites. The Fst coefficients ranged from 0.002 to 0.730 among the loci with an average of 0.315. Significant differentiation was detected at 94.4% of the loci studied （P 〈 0.05, pairwise Fst tests）, indicating that there was a high level of indica-japonica differentiation within the improved varieties. At 18 loci, about 74%-98% of the alleles of indica and japonica accessions were distributed in two ranges of amplicon length. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that the distribution trends were significantly nonrandomly associated. Using the differentiation trends at the 18 loci, microsatellite index （MI） was proposed for discrimination of the two subspecies. When rice accessions with MI value greater than zero were classified as indica, and those with MI value smaller than zero were classified as japonica, about 96.1% of the accessions could be classified. This result agrees with the classification based on morphological-physiological characters, indicating that this method is feasible and effective.     

New and reassessed species of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) in the flora of China

Several problems in Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae: Ruelliae) are clarified as a result of collaboration between Chinese and western botanists. Examination of pollen has permitted clear delimitation of four morphologically similar species, Strobilanthes szechuanica (Batalin) J. R. I. Wood & Y. F. Deng, S. labordei H. Lév., S. wakasana Wakasugi & Naruhashi and S. wilsonii J. R. I. Wood & Y. F. Deng, the latter described for the first time in this paper, although first collected more than a hundred years ago. A key is provided to help distinguish these species. The globose, echinulate pollen found in several species from China and Japan and assigned to the genus Championella by Bremekamp is shown by SEM photography to be distinct from other pollen hitherto regarded as the same. Three new species, S. abbreviata Y. F. Deng & J. R. I. Wood, S. lihengiae Y. F. Deng & J. R. I. Wood and S. vallicola Y. F. Deng & J. R. I. Wood are described. S. austinii C. B. Clarke ex W. W. Sm. is lectotypified to show that it is conspecific with S. lamiifolia (Nees) T. Anderson, a species demonstrating trans-Himalayan links. New combinations are made for four species as the authors recognize only a single genus, Strobilanthes within the Strobilanthinae as defined by Bremekamp. S. gongshanensis Tsui and S. aenobarba W. W. Sm. are shown to be only varieties of S. inflata T. Anderson. Illustrations are provided for all new species.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 150 , 369–390.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in alfalfa: Accumulation,sorption and speciation in different plant parts

The accumulation, chemical speciation and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in various parts of alfalfa. Moreover, the adsorption characteristics for PCB 28 by alfalfa and the influencing factors of the adsorption characteristics were studied. There were different degrees of PCB accumulation in alfalfa roots, root nodules and shoots. The decreasing order of the accumulation of PCBs in plant tissues was root nodules > roots > shoots, and the decreasing order of the total PCB contents was roots > shoots > root nodules, indicating that the roots were the main sink for PCB accumulation. There were three modes of PCB speciation in alfalfa roots and root nodules, comprising strong sorption (78%) and weak sorption (19%) on tissue surfaces and absorption within tissues (2%). The adsorption isotherms of PCB 28 indicate that the adsorption capacities of root nodules and shoots were both significantly higher than that of the roots. Both lipids and carbohydrates, and especially lipids, affected the PCB adsorption capacities of the tissues. These results may help in the elucidation of the mechanisms of sorption and accumulation of PCBs in the plants and their main influencing factors and thus contribute to the development of phytoremediation technologies for PCB-contaminated soils.     

308个糯玉米审定品种SSR标记遗传多样性分析

随着中国糯玉米产业的蓬勃发展,每年通过审定的糯玉米品种逐渐增多,为了解其育成品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,本研究以308个糯玉米审定品种为材料,利用SSR标记从审定年份和适宜种植区2个角度分析近年来糯玉米审定品种遗传多样性特点和发展趋势.结果 表明,308份糯玉米审定品种在40个SSR标记上共检测出529个等位基因、14...     

杂花和紫花苜蓿原生质体分离培养条件的筛选

以杂花苜蓿‘甘农1号’和紫花苜蓿‘甘农4号’、‘阿尔冈金’及‘清水’4个适宜西北内陆黄土高原地区栽培的苜蓿愈伤组织为材料,研究酶解时间、酶液组合、酶液渗透压、愈伤组织继代培养时间、预处理措施及不同培养方法等对原生质体分离和培养效果的影响,并对培养条件进行优化。结果表明:(1)适宜4个苜蓿品种愈伤组织酶解的最佳预处理措施为0.55mol/L蔗糖或CPW溶液中预质壁分离1h,最佳继代时间均为12d。(2)‘甘农1号’、‘甘农4号’和‘清水’的最佳酶液组合均为2%纤维素酶+0.5%果胶酶+0.3%崩溃酶;‘阿尔冈金’的最佳酶液组合为2%纤维素酶+0.5%果胶酶+0.3%半纤维素酶+0.3%离析酶+0.3%崩溃酶;‘甘农1号’和‘阿尔冈金’的最佳酶解时间为12h,‘甘农4号’和‘清水’分别为14h和10h。(3)适宜4个品种酶解的甘露醇浓度分别为‘甘农1号’0.75mol/L,‘甘农4号’0.65mol/L,‘阿尔冈金’0.6mol/L,‘清水’0.55~0.6mol/L。(4)经液体浅层培养和固液培养方式均可获得4个苜蓿品种的再生愈伤组织,且固液培养法较液体浅层培养法更有利于苜蓿原生质体早期的培养和再生。     

中国鸭茅主栽品种DNA指纹图谱构建

利用SSR标记和SCoT标记构建了我国主栽的21个鸭茅品种的DNA指纹图谱。从180对SSR引物和80个SCoT引物中,筛选出多态性高、谱带清晰的SSR引物和SCoT引物各24个。24对SSR引物在供试材料中共检测到186个条带,其中多态性条带为175个,品种特异条带6个,平均多态性比率94.03%,多态性信息量均值0.845,Shannon指数变幅0.4479~0.6549,基因多样性指数变幅0.2946~0.4633,可鉴别的品种数2~21个;利用24个SCoT引物在供试材料中共检测到321个条带,其中多态性条带为249个,品种特异条带6个,平均多态性比率76.33%,多态性信息量均值0.907,Shannon指数变幅0.2588~0.6329,基因多样性指数变幅0.1695~0.4451,可鉴别的品种数1~21个;5对SSR引物和5个SCoT引物在10个品种上具有唯一特征谱带,最终综合各项指标筛选出5个引物(A01E14、A01K14、B03E14、D02K13和SCoT23)上的37个条带用于鸭茅品种DNA指纹图谱构建,数据库中每个品种均具有唯一DNA指纹编码,构建的DNA指纹数据可用于鸭茅品种真伪鉴定,为品种权保护提供了科学依据。