江西省退化石灰岩红壤区重建森林土壤水分与降水量和蒸发量的关系

采用时间序列分析法,对江西省修水县退化石灰岩红壤区4种主要重建森林类型的土壤（0～40 cm）含水量与降水量、蒸发量之间的相关关系进行了研究.结果表明：研究区各重建森林前一个月的土壤含水量对当月整个土壤剖面（0～40 cm）平均土壤含水量和当月20～40 cm土层土壤含水量具有较强影响,对当月0～10 cm土层土壤含水量的影响较小;研究区各重建森林20～40 cm土层土壤含水量主要受当月降水量的影响,0～10 cm土层土壤含水量主要受当月蒸发量的影响;在4种森林重建模式中,枫香纯林当月降水量与当月土壤含水量的相关系数最大,混交林模式土壤含水量的自相关系数大于纯林模式.     

利用机载激光雷达技术估测东北林区典型针叶林的蓄积量

为了推广激光雷达技术在森林蓄积量估测计量方面的应用,本研究以东北林区云冷杉林、落叶松林、红松林和樟子松林4种典型针叶林为对象,基于机载激光雷达获取的点云数据提取特征变量,结合800块地面样地数据,采用逐步回归方法和偏最小二乘方法,建立4种针叶林的蓄积量模型.结果 表明:偏最小二乘法建立的模型精度优于逐步回归方法(ΔR2...     

沙尘暴对北京市空气细菌多样性特征的影响

亚洲沙尘暴携带着各类污染物质,严重影响下风向地区大气过程及生态系统和相关人群的健康。然而,沙尘天气对中国华北地区空气细菌群落及多样性特征影响的研究较少。以北京市为例,系统研究了沙尘暴对城市空气细菌多样性特征的影响。2015年4月,通过定点采样连续收集了一次沙尘暴及其前后4天的空气颗粒物样本,DNA提取、PCR扩增后进行16S rRNA基因高通量测序。共获得169122条高质量序列,生物信息学分析表明,北京市空气细菌物种多样性较高,沙尘暴不能引起细菌OTU数目的增加,但沙尘暴天气下细菌群落Pielou、Shannon和Simpson指数显著增加。菌群分类分析发现,北京市空气细菌由35个细菌门构成,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度最高,分别占总序列的32.76%、28.09%、25.46%和6.32%;芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)次之,分别占序列总数的2.11%和1.81%,其他细菌门的相对丰度均低于1%。沙尘暴天气下,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)显著升高(P<0.05),分别由31.67%、5.74%、1.82%、1.51%升高至41.46%、10.98%、4.48%和4.26%;而放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)显著降低(P <0.05),分别由28.84%、27.10%降低至22.13%和12.35%。冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter),纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas),不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和梭菌属(Clostridium)可能含有人类条件病原菌,其在沙尘暴天气中相对丰度下降,但绝对丰度会大幅增加。沙尘暴能降低人体免疫力,因此致病菌潜在健康风险可能显著增强。通过聚类分析和主成分分析发现,沙尘暴日与非沙尘暴日空气细菌群落差异较大,而沙尘暴前后群落结构差异较小。沙尘暴前后空气细菌群落α-多样性和β多样性均无显著差异,推测沙尘暴只能暂时影响空气细菌群落特征,不能显著改变其群落结构。本研究通过分析了沙尘暴侵袭下北京市空气细菌群落多样性特征及动态,为制定中国北方城市沙尘暴灾害预警措施和建立气传疾病的防控机制提供数据支持。     

雾霾空气中细菌特征及对健康的潜在影响

论文从群落结构、浓度变化及粒径分布的角度论述了雾霾天气对空气细菌特征的影响,并结合了雾霾天气相关疾病的发病率,综合评价了雾霾天气空气病原菌导致的人群潜在健康风险的变化,最后提出了以前研究存在的不足及未来的发展趋势。综合研究结果,雾霾天气对空气细菌群落结构、浓度变化及粒径分布的影响,研究人员在不同城市得出的研究结果不同,可能由样点的时空环境、气象因素、雾霾程度及采集、检验、鉴定空气细菌方法等多种因素的差异引起。雾霾空气中已发现病原细菌均为条件致病菌,在空气中含量很低,但雾霾天气下部分病原菌的相对丰度增加,致病力会显著增强。此外,高浓度的细颗粒物和化学污染物可损伤皮肤黏膜屏障,打破呼吸道和皮肤的微生态平衡,为病原菌侵入创造较好的机会。两者的协同作用,显著增加了雾霾天气空气中病原菌的健康风险。     

顾及屋顶绿化的城市三维生态网络构建——以南京市中心城区为例

屋顶绿化作为一种新型绿色基础设施与基于自然的解决方案,已成为提升城市生态韧性与维持生物多样性的重要生态路径。然而,目前城市生态网络研究多关注二维的地面生态空间,而顾及屋顶绿化的三维生态网络构建研究尚不多见。以南京市中心城区为例,基于LiDAR、高分辨率遥感及建筑属性等多源数据,采用多因子叠置与电路理论等方法,构建了顾及屋顶绿化的城市三维生态网络整合分析框架：即采用多因子叠置方法,从建筑高度、屋面坡度、建筑年代、历史文化属性四个方面分析了屋顶绿化建设的适宜性;其次,结合建筑与植被三维结构特征数据,采用电路理论构建了有无屋顶绿化两种情景下的生态网络;最后,通过比较生态廊道数量、长度、平均阻力等指标分析了屋顶绿化对城市三维生态网络结果的潜在影响。研究结果表明：1）研究区有46.59%的屋顶适宜进行绿化,表明屋顶绿化具有很大的发展潜力。2）顾及屋顶绿化的生态廊道数量由205条增加到209条,生态网络总长度增加,单位长度阻力值减小,表明屋顶绿化能够显著提高城市生态空间的景观连通性、增加生态廊道密度,为高流动性生物提供重要的栖息地和垫脚石。3）屋顶绿化对城市生态网络优化的作用存在显著的空间差异,在城市中心区的优化作用最大,工业区次之,在生态良好片区优化作用较小。研究结果可为实现城市高密度区域地面生态空间与屋顶绿化空间的整合分析与统筹规划提供决策参考。     

Studies on marine algae of the British Isles. 10. The genus Rhodymenia

Antarcticothamnion polysporum gen. et sp. nov. (Rhodophyceae: Ceramiaceae) is described from the South Shetland Is. and the Antarctic Peninsula. It differs from all previously described Ceramiaceae in vegetative structure: an indeterminate apex, which divides by alternating oblique septa, produces simple alternate-distichous determinate branches, while indeterminate branches are initiated on main axes in a verticillate arrangement. Reproductive structures are borne on modified indeterminate branch systems. Sporangia are polyhedrally divided. Spermatangia are formed in loose heads. Procarps are borne near the apex, but not always on the subapical cell, of a fertile branch. Two auxiliary cells may participate in the formation of a carposporophyte. A fusion cell is lacking and most cells of the gonimoblast develop into carposporangia, which are binucleate.

The suite of morphological characters exhibited by Antarcticothamnion sets this genus sufficiently apart from all previously described Ceramiaceae to warrant placement in its own tribe, Antarcticothamnieae trib. nov. It shares important features, however, with Callithamnieae, Compsothamnieae, and Ptiloteae.

Apical division is reviewed in the various tribes of Ceramiaceae. It is concluded that a pattern of alternating oblique septa is correlated with transitory or chronic structural imbalance resulting from a particular combination of timing and spatial sequence in the initiation and development of branches. The distribution of oblique apical division within Ceramiaceae is strongly correlated with features generally considered to be important at the level of tribe.

Phylogenetic relationships within Ptiloteae, a tribe characterized inter alia by oblique apical division, are suggested from an analysis of branching patterns. The validity of Falklandiella as a genus distinct from Dasyptilon is emphasized. Gymnothamnion and Tokidaea are removed from Ptiloteae, but without being assigned to another tribe. Tanakaella is removed from Sphondylothamnieae to Compsothamnieae, while Mazoyerella is removed from Compsothamnieae to Spermothamnieae.

Spongoclonium orthocladum A. et E. S. Gepp is discussed as a possible species of Antarcticothamnion, while an undescribed alga from the South Orkney Is. is definitely indicated as a second species of the genus.     

AN ALGORITHM TO IMPROVE GEOLOCATION POSITIONS USING SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND DIVING DEPTH

The at-sea movement of marine mammals is an important component of their foraging ecology, but has been difficult to study. Geolocation timed-data recorders (GLTDRs) estimate positions using measured light level to calculate day length and local noon. It is well known that these location estimates are imprecise (mean error of > 1°). Satellite telemetry generally provides a more accurate, but also more expensive means of monitoring movement. We evaluated the accuracy and precision of geolocation positions by comparing these locations with satellite data from Service Argos for eight free-ranging gray seals ( Halichoerns grypus ) equipped with both a satellite-linked data recorder (SDR) and a GLTDR. Geolocation positions differed by 1,026.0 ± 292.28 km from the corresponding Argos locations. We developed an algorithm to correct geolocation positions by comparing surface water temperature (ST) and dive depth collected by GLTDRs with existing sea-surface temperature and bathymetry databases. The corrected positions were significantly closer (P < 0.025) to the Argos locations of these seals (94.2 ± 8.22 km). The original geolocation positions would have led to incorrect conclusions about the use of space by gray seals; however, the corrected positions can be reliably used to study the large-scale spatial distribution of individuals.     

Flying honey bees adsorb airborne viruses

Tethered honey bees (Apidea Apis melifera) coaxed to fly in a miniature wind tunnel for a specific time interval, adsorb a virus (i.e., bacteriophage MS2) aerosol at a linear rate of 1% of the aerosol concentration for every 6.73 pC of electrostatic charge on the bee.     

Positive and negative effects of riverine input on the estuarine green alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ulva intestinalis</Emphasis> (syn. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enteromorpha intestinalis</Emphasis>) (Linneaus)

An approach based on a digital elevation model (DEM) was used to untangle the confounding effects of long-term water-level fluctuations and increasing human population on the cover of emergent vegetation in Cootes Paradise Marsh, a degraded coastal wetland in Lake Ontario, Canada. Data for 20 observations between 1934 and 1993 were used in the analysis. First, we calculated the inundated area based on the DEM, a derived measurement that reflected the bathymetry of the marsh and the mean water level for a particular year. Then Mantel correlations and regression analyses were used to analyze the relationships between emergent cover and corresponding water level, inundated area, and human population, respectively. Results of the simple and partial correlations indicated that areal change of emergent plants was significantly correlated with inundated area after controlling for the effect of water level fluctuation; however, there was no significant correlation between emergent cover and water level after controlling for inundated area. This is an important consideration when multiple sites from the same Great Lake are compared since the same water level may correspond to vastly different inundated areas for different marshes. Changes in emergent cover were also significantly correlated with human population after controlling for water level effects. Altogether, inundated area explained 83.1% of the variation, human population explained 4.2%, and the interaction between population and inundated area explained an additional 4.3% of the remaining variation in areal emergent cover. This indicates that the synergistic effect of high water level (expressed as inundated area) and increased human population induced greater detrimental impact on the emergent plants than did either stressor alone.     

Development of a method to detect and quantify <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus fumigatus</Emphasis> conidia by quantitative PCR for environmental air samples

Exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus is linked with respiratory diseases such as asthma, invasive aspergillosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Molecular methods using quantitative PCR (qPCR) offer advantages over culture and optical methods for estimating human exposures to microbiological agents such as fungi. We describe an assay that uses lyticase to digest A. fumigatus conidia followed by TaqMan™ qPCR to quantify released DNA. This method will allow analysis of airborne A. fumigatus samples collected over extended time periods and provide a more representative assessment of chronic exposure. The method was optimized for environmental samples and incorporates: single tube sample preparation to reduce sample loss, maintain simplicity, and avoid contamination; hot start amplification to reduce non-specific primer/probe annealing; and uracil-N-glycosylase to prevent carryover contamination. An A. fumigatus internal standard was developed and used to detect PCR inhibitors potentially found in air samples. The assay detected fewer than 10 A. fumigatus conidia per qPCR reaction and quantified conidia over a 4−log₁₀ range with high linearity (R ² > 0.99) and low variability among replicate standards (CV=2.0%) in less than 4 h. The sensitivity and linearity of qPCR for conidia deposited on filters was equivalent to conidia calibration standards. A. fumigatus DNA from 8 isolates was consistently quantified using this method, while non-specific DNA from 14 common environmental fungi, including 6 other Aspergillus species, was not detected. This method provides a means of analyzing long term air samples collected on filters which may enable investigators to correlate airborne environmental A. fumigatus conidia concentrations with adverse health effects.