Aero-biological significance of Keratinophilic fungi in Kanpur

Summary Airborne fungal infestation and its significance in biology and disease spread is well documented. Kanpur is an industrialized and agricultural area supporting highly polluted environment. Aerobiology. of the area is hitherto unexplored, moreso, with special reference to airborne Keratinophilic fungi. Such fungal organisms are known to cause degradation of keratinous substrates. Present endeavour was undertaken to screen and survey Keratinophilic fungi from local air dust.Tricophyton simii andChrysosporium indicum, two keratinophilous forms, were observed repeatedly during various calendar months. Findings emphasize the importance of these fungi in spread and control of diseases of nails, hair, horns and hoofs of cattle or human beings.     

陕西中部黄土高原地区空气花粉组成及其与气候因子的关系——以洛川县下黑木沟村为例

空气花粉研究是现代孢粉学、植被变迁与预测的重要内容之一.陕西省黄土高原地区洛川县2007-2009连续2a的空气花粉分析表明:空气花粉组成与区域植被分布特征和植物花期一致.与2007—2008年相比,2008-2009年的花粉总通量及蒿属花粉通量明显增加,但木本植物花粉通量降低,这主要与2008-2009年降水明显偏少密切相关.2007-2008年降雨量高于500 mm,花粉组合中乔木花粉百分比高于30％,表现出森林植被特点;2008-2009年降雨量少于450 mm,花粉组合中草本花粉高于80％,乔木花粉低于10％,更多表现出草原植被特点.但从植被观测来看并没有明显的变化,表明花粉组合较植被对气候变化更为敏感.主要花粉类型与气候因子的相关分析表明:气候因子影响空气花粉的组成及数量.栎属、松属、蔷薇科花粉数量主要受春季温度影响,温度越高花粉数量越多;其他季节花粉数量主要受相对湿度影响,湿度越低,花粉数量越大.榆属花粉数量主要与冬季温度有关,温度越高,花粉数量越高.杨属只受春季温度影响,春季温度越低,花粉数量越多.胡颓子科花粉含量主要受春季相对湿度、风速影响,相对湿度越低,风速越大,花粉数量越多.绝大多数草本花粉数量均主要受春、冬季相对湿度及风速影响,相对湿度越低,风速越大,花粉数量越高;此外,禾本科花粉数量还受春季温度影响,温度越高,花粉数量越多;菊科花粉数量在夏秋季节还受温度、湿度和风速的共同影响,温度越低,湿度越低,风速越大,花粉数量越多.这些结果表明,黄土高原中部地区的空气花粉特征能反映区域植被组成,且对气候变化非常敏感,对认识和预测当地气候变化与植被动态等具有重要意义.     

利用机载激光雷达技术估测东北林区典型针叶林的蓄积量

为了推广激光雷达技术在森林蓄积量估测计量方面的应用,本研究以东北林区云冷杉林、落叶松林、红松林和樟子松林4种典型针叶林为对象,基于机载激光雷达获取的点云数据提取特征变量,结合800块地面样地数据,采用逐步回归方法和偏最小二乘方法,建立4种针叶林的蓄积量模型.结果 表明:偏最小二乘法建立的模型精度优于逐步回归方法(ΔR2...     

春季城区道路不同绿地配置模式对大气颗粒物的削减作用

研究城市道路不同绿地类型对大气颗粒物的吸附削减作用,是提高城市绿地大气污染治理功能绿地配置模式优化的重要基础。以位于北京市海淀区的3条典型主干道道路为对象,选取乔木、灌木、草本、乔-灌、乔-草、乔-灌-草6种典型绿地配置模式,在大气颗粒物污染严重以及城市植被发芽、开花、展叶完成的春季(3月中旬至4月上旬),采用Dustmate便携式颗粒物采样器和NK4500手持自动气象仪分1.5m和3m两个高度同步测定距污染源不同位置的大气颗粒物浓度与小气候因子,分析不同绿地配置模式对颗粒物削减能力的差异及其主要影响因素。研究结果表明:复合配置模式比单一配置模式下空气颗粒物浓度稳定程度高,其主要受风速与空气相对湿度的影响;大气颗粒物粒径越大绿地对其削减作用越强;地表覆盖程度是影响不同绿地配置模式对大气颗粒物垂直削减的关键因素,地表覆盖越好垂直削减效果越好,且垂直削减率与温度成正相关关系;草本、灌木对大气颗粒物的垂直削减作用比其他4种配置模式更好;由于受植被郁闭度、疏透度以及配置种类的综合影响,乔-草、灌木绿地配置对大气颗粒物的水平削减作用比其他4种模式更好。     

雾霾空气中细菌特征及对健康的潜在影响

论文从群落结构、浓度变化及粒径分布的角度论述了雾霾天气对空气细菌特征的影响,并结合了雾霾天气相关疾病的发病率,综合评价了雾霾天气空气病原菌导致的人群潜在健康风险的变化,最后提出了以前研究存在的不足及未来的发展趋势。综合研究结果,雾霾天气对空气细菌群落结构、浓度变化及粒径分布的影响,研究人员在不同城市得出的研究结果不同,可能由样点的时空环境、气象因素、雾霾程度及采集、检验、鉴定空气细菌方法等多种因素的差异引起。雾霾空气中已发现病原细菌均为条件致病菌,在空气中含量很低,但雾霾天气下部分病原菌的相对丰度增加,致病力会显著增强。此外,高浓度的细颗粒物和化学污染物可损伤皮肤黏膜屏障,打破呼吸道和皮肤的微生态平衡,为病原菌侵入创造较好的机会。两者的协同作用,显著增加了雾霾天气空气中病原菌的健康风险。     

Airborne fungal spores colonising marbles exposed in the terrace of Messina Museum, Sicily

Studies were carried out on the air and on Carraramarble blocks located in the terrace of MessinaMuseum, in order to know the likelihood of airbornefungal spores coming into contact with and colonisingtridimensional objects. Our results showed there were not significantdifferences between airborne fungi circulating inspring and in autumn; Aspergillus, Penicillium,Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium,Ulocladium, Aureobasidium, Phoma were themost common isolates. However, only few species wereable to settle on the marble surfaces as demonstratedby their isolation after 2 and 6 years of exposition.     

Comparative study about airborne spores in Cagliari and Perugia

Summary A comparative study was carried in two Italian cities: Cagliari and Perugia. Ninetten fungal genera were assessed in both stations. Some were the same airborne spores, while others were characteristic of the areas. From an analysis of the linear regression coefficients between the concentration of four fungal genera and some meteorological parameters both in Cagliari and Perugia, a highly significative positive correlation could be seen between the presence of airborneCladosporium spores and both mean and maximum temperature. The same significative correlations were obtained both in Cagliari and Perugia forDrechslera/Helminthosporium.     

夏季故宫养心殿空气中真菌的调查与分析

【目的】在无法实现洁净环境的古建筑内,文物易遭受霉菌的破坏,尤其是在闷热的夏季。探明空气中真菌的种类对文物、游客的安全具有重要意义。【方法】采用自然沉降法与撞击法对夏季养心殿正殿内代表性的6个取样位置的气生真菌进行培养并进行ITS1 rDNA序列分析。【结果】利用自然沉降法测得气生真菌22种,以枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和青霉属(Penicillium)为优势类群,在2个位置(佛堂二层与西暖阁)空气真菌污染超标;而撞击法测得100余种,腐生营养型真菌比例较高,优势类群为链格孢属(Alternaria)、Cladosporium、木霉属 (Trichoderma)、根霉属(Rhizopus)、Aspergillus和Penicillium,所有6个位置均超标。通过对环境因子与真菌多样性的相关性分析发现,养心殿内真菌丰度与温度、湿度及悬浮颗粒物有着密切关系。在相对湿度较低的6月,温度对丰度影响较大;高湿度时,悬浮颗粒物与湿度对真菌丰度影响更大。丝状真菌的丰度与小粒径悬浮颗粒物、相对湿度存在显著正相关,而空气中的酵母菌与温度相关性更高。【结论】本研究对养心殿正殿空气中真菌的种属进行了鉴定,并分析了与环境因子的相关性,为预防、开放展览以及修缮提供了科学依据。     

LATEX: A peculiar biological component in airborne particles?

In a study in the USA, latex allergens have beenidentified in airborne particles. Natural rubber(latex) is a product from the plant Heveabrasiliensis and is largely used in the tireindustry. In the vicinity of roads, latex can becomeairborne due to wear-off processes of tires.Sensitisation to latex has been increasing in the lastdecade; an important pathway for the sensitisation ismediated by the airways. It is not known, if thisconcerns mainly laboratory personnel or if this isalso an environmental problem.This study investigated the content of latex inairborne particles in the vicinity of a road withmoderate traffic, in comparison to a control site.Latex was determined in a competitive ELISA based onpolyclonal IgE antibodies. During spring and summer,collected airborne dust was analysed for the contentof protein and latex. Latex concentrations inPM₁₀ in the city were higher than at the controlsite. At both sites, latex levels were significantlylower in PM_2.5 than in PM₁₀.