辽西半干旱区典型人工林生态系统的水土保持功能

从森林生态系统地表径流和土壤侵蚀角度对辽西半干旱区5种人工林生态系统的水土保持功能进行了定量研究．结果表明：不同类型人工林生态系统可以有效地减少地表径流及土壤侵蚀．油松纯林、油松-沙棘混交林、沙棘林、小叶杨纯林和小叶杨-沙棘混交林6—9月的月平均地表径流系数分别为荒山（对照）的10．1％、6．5％、2．3％、8．6％和5．3％,土壤侵蚀量分别为荒山的2．65％、0．96％、0．15％、2．32％和0．69％．5种人工林生态系统中,沙棘林的地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量最小,水土保持功能最佳．     

滤渠-塘组合系统对城市旅游区降雨径流污染的离线截控作用

提出了一种控制城市旅游区降雨径流污染的滤渠-塘离线组合处理系统,并研究了该系统对降雨径流污染的离线截控作用.结果表明:无论从单次降雨事件还是从年度上分析,该系统通过有效地分流初期污染降雨径流,均可降低降雨径流中污染物的浓度和体积平均粒径,并对降雨径流中污染物的负荷具有较高的持留效率,是一种高效的处理系统,比较适用于土地利用相对紧张的城镇区域.2005年该系统对降雨径流中总悬浮物(TSS)、化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)负荷的年持留率分别达到86.4%、85.5%、83.9%和82.9%.以2005年6月26日的次降雨事件为例,该系统对降雨径流水量的削减率为67.9%,对污染物中各种形态氮的去除效率高于磷,对TSS、COD、TN和TP负荷的持留率分别为97.0%、89.2%、94.9%和96.2%.该系统还可以有效地拦截降雨径流中的大部分颗粒物.     

Citygreen模型在南京城市绿地固碳与削减径流效益评估中的应用

在剖析美国Citygreen模型评估城市绿地固碳效益与削减径流效益运算原理的基础上,将该模型应用于中国南京主城区,探索模型所需数据的获取方法及途径,计算不同类型城市用地的生态效益及价值.结果表明:城市地区不同类型植被固碳效益相当于等面积自然山林的5%～60%;南京主城区绿地固碳与削减径流两项生态价值之和约为1·77×108元;城市6类建设用地的植被固碳与削减径流生态效益从高到低依次为:绿地、公共设施用地、居住用地、道路广场用地、工业用地和市政设施用地.研究结果能够指导城市规划和绿地建设,并对中国城市绿地生态效益定量评价的广泛开展具有一定意义.     

黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域农业生态经济系统耦合过程分析

农业生态经济系统耦合指农业生态系统与农业经济系统按照其固有的互动关系,在人类适当干预和调控下所形成的有机统一体,其耦合态势可以依据农业资源与农业产业之间的循环链网结构予以表示.纸坊沟流域农业生态经济系统经历了“系统耦合→系统相悖→系统耦合→高层次上系统局部相悖”的过程,流域中农民的需求、国家宏观政策、经济手段和行政手段对农业生态经济系统耦合态势的调控和干扰是引起这一变化的主要因素.针对纸坊沟流域农业生态经济系统耦合过程中存在的问题,今后应建立以林草及其相关产业为中心的耦合体,建设农业生态经济系统优化耦合模式.     

土壤种子库对漫溢区受损植被更新的贡献

在塔里木河下游选择两个典型漫溢区,在野外进行了土壤种子库萌发试验,并与河水漫溢区的幼苗库进行比较,以确定土壤种子库对受损植被更新的贡献度.结果表明：两个漫溢区土壤种子库物种数均为12种,生活型组成以多年生草本和灌木为主;种子库密度分别为282.5和173.2粒·m^-2,表层土壤(0～2 cm)种子密度分别占总密度的76.9%和71.0%.土壤种子库对实生幼苗的物种组成和密度具有显著影响,两个漫溢区实生幼苗数量分别有84.7%和99.4%来源于土壤种子库.两个漫溢区土壤种子库与实生幼苗库物种相似性系数分别为0.72和0.63;实生幼苗密度与种子库密度具有很好的正相关性,说明土壤种子库对植被更新具有重要贡献.     

外源亚精胺对槐叶苹耐镉胁迫的增强效应

研究了不同浓度（0.05～1 mmol·L^-1）亚精胺（Spd）对镉（Cd）污染下槐叶苹（Salvinia natans）光合色素、可溶性蛋白、抗氧化系统以及矿质营养的影响,以探讨外源多胺在水生植物重金属胁迫适应中的作用机制.结果表明,外源Spd对槐叶苹的Cd污染胁迫具有明显的缓解作用：Spd延缓了槐叶苹叶片失绿症状,使叶绿素a/b和总叶绿素含量平均增加了18.97%和43.96%;外施Spd后可溶性蛋白含量平均提高了27.89%,SDS-PAGE电泳显示主要是增加了202.15、77.67、52.69、41.83 和25.35 kD的蛋白多肽表达量;外源Spd提高了抗氧化酶系统（SOD、POD、CAT）的活性和小分子保护物质［抗坏血酸（AsA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）和类胡萝卜素（Car）］的含量,前者平均分别增加了12.44%、66.90%和51.23%,后者依次增加11.21%、17.60%和24.81%;外施Spd能更好地维持槐叶苹对P、K、Fe、Na、Mg、Zn和Mn等的平衡吸收（Ca除外）.综合分析发现,0.05～0.1 mmol·L^-1Spd缓解效果最好,与其改善光合作用、刺激蛋白表达、维持抗氧化系统高活性/含量和调节矿质营养平衡等多种生理过程有关.     

基于SCS-CN模型的黄土高原丘陵区坡地微型集雨垄垄面径流量预测

为了探寻我国黄土高原丘陵区坡地垄沟集雨种植控制水土流失和增产机理,本研究利用试验期2019年坡地微型集雨垄收集的19次降雨-径流资料,率定不同坡度(0°、5°和10°)微型集雨垄SCS-CN模型的径流曲线数CN值和初损系数λ值,利用5次降雨-径流资料检验模型的有效性.结果 表明:自然降雨条件下,坡地微型集雨垄径流量随坡...     

The effect of agricultural practices on the development of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. I. Field studies in an Indonesian ultisol

Two pre-established agricultural field trials were assessed for the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil (density of spores, species richness and lengths of extra-radical mycelium [ERM]) in association with one of three tropical plant species (Gliricidia sepium, Peltophorum dasyrachis and Zea mays). The trials were managed by one of three agricultural practices: soil disturbance in a monoculture system, a root barrier to prevent interactions between plants in an agroforestry system or the addition of organic matter (OM) in an agroforestry and a monoculture system. The lengths of ERM of AMF in the soil were greater in the agroforestry system than the monoculture system. These were greater when a root barrier was present, but decreased when OM was added. Soil disturbance reduced the density of spores, species richness and the lengths of ERM of AMF compared with the undisturbed soil. This work indicates that agricultural trials may provide a useful tool to monitor the abundance of AMF in the field. Clearly, there is potential to increase the abundance of AMF, from different genera, in the soil through the management of agricultural practices. The significance of the abundance of AMF for subsequent benefits to plant growth and development and ultimately the sustainability of tropical agro-ecosystems are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

鹤山丘陵草坡的水文特征及水量平衡

 在中国科学院鹤山丘陵综合开放实验站的草坡集水区对大气降水和径流进行了连续4年的观测,并于1994年对该集水区的蒸散进行了测定,结果表明：1)鹤山丘陵区年均降水量1761.37mm,大气降水有明显的干湿季之分,干季降水量占全年降水量的12.47％,湿季占87.53％。年均降水量中有62.24％可引起地表产流,即年均产流降水量1096.3mm。产流降水以中、小雨频度为大,但产流水量主要由大、暴雨供给。文中根据降雨量较大地区的降水、产流特征和规律,提出了产流降水和产流水量的概念。2)鹤山丘陵草坡集水区年总径流系数50.12％,地表径流系数17.33％。地表径流主要集中在湿季产生,与降水量呈二次抛物线型回归关系,与降水强度关系不大。3)1994年水量平衡各分量中,实际降水输入1841.55mm,年径流量970.28mm,径流系数52．69％,径流是系统的最大输出项;蒸散量851.56mm,意味着年降水收入中46.24％的水量以汽态形式返回了大气。蒸散的月变化呈双峰型,不同于降水的季节分配,径流的月变化则与降水同步。系统蓄水年变化量19.71mm,约占年降水量的1.07％,但其月变化却非常大,在一68～104mm之间。草坡集水区的水量平衡是一种收入对支出的补给和收支项目中可变性的动态平衡。4)鹤山丘陵草坡水热季节分配失衡、产流降水量和地表径流量大是这种退化生态系统恢复的3个限制因素;认为退化生态系统恢复过程中系统水量支出和蓄留方式的转变是退化生态系统的恢复机理之一。     

Regional gene flow and population structure of the wind-dispersed plant species Hypochaeris radicata (Asteraceae) in an agricultural landscape

Using microsatellites, we investigated population structure and gene flow of the short-lived, wind-dispersed plant species Hypochaeris radicata in a fragmented agricultural landscape where more than 99% of the nutrient-poor grasslands have disappeared over the last century. We sampled populations in the few remaining high density populations in conservation areas, as well as individuals that occurred, with lower densities, in linear landscape elements, at two spatial scales. In a re-inventory of the landscape, after 3 years, both extinctions and colonizations of populations were observed. Contrary to expectations, no differences in genetic diversity between high and low density populations were observed. Both types of populations had relatively high levels of diversity. Overall genetic differentiation (theta) was 0.04 and significantly different from zero (P < 0.01). A significant isolation-by-distance pattern was found when all populations were simultaneously analysed (r = 0.24, P = 0.013). Isolation by distance was (marginally) significant at the small scale (r = 0.32, P = 0.06), whereas nonsignificant at the large spatial scale (r = -0.05, P = 0.66). A maximization-of-explained-variance procedure resulted in a threshold distance of 3.5 km above which populations were effectively genetically isolated. An additional partial exclusion Bayesian-based assignment test showed that overall 32.3% of the individuals were assigned to their population of origin, 48% were assigned to another population in the area and 19.7% were not assigned. Together, these results suggest high levels of gene flow. Seed dispersal contributes to the observed gene flow up to several hundred metres, which is higher than previously modelled using aerodynamic models on seed dispersal of H. radicata. We discuss the consequences of these results for an evaluation of the probability of persistence of this species in the fragmented landscape.