Daily consumption of tea catechins improves aerobic capacity in healthy male adults: a randomized double-blind,placebo-controlled,crossover trial

Our previous studies demonstrated that dietary supplementation with tea catechins combined with exercise improved endurance capacity in mice. This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of daily tea catechin consumption on aerobic capacity in humans. Sixteen Japanese non-athlete male subjects (aged 25–47 years) took 500 mL of a test beverage with or without tea catechins (570 mg) daily for 8 weeks and attended a training program twice a week. Aerobic capacity was evaluated by indirect calorimetry and near-infrared spectroscopy during graded cycle exercise. Catechin beverage consumption was associated with a significantly higher ventilation threshold during exercise and a higher recovery rate of oxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin levels after graded cycle exercise when compared to subjects receiving the placebo beverage. These results indicate that daily consumption of tea catechins increases aerobic capacity when combined with semiweekly light exercise, which may be due to increased skeletal muscle aerobic capacity.     

DIO基因多态性与有氧耐力的相关性研究

目的:研究碘代甲状腺氨酸脱碘酶(DIO)基因多态性与有氧耐力的相关性,寻找与有氧耐力表型相关的分子标记。方法:应用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱检测技术,对123名中国北方汉族优秀长跑运动员(EEA)与127名中国北方汉族普通大学生(CG)DIO1基因C785T位点及DIO2基因的Thr92Ala和Gly3Asp位点进行解析并分析比较,其中优秀运动员又根据运动等级和运动项目分为国际健将与健将组(43vs80),及5/10km和马拉松组(92vs31)。结果:在DIO1的C785T位点及DIO2的Thr92Ala位点,各组间基因型和等位基因频率均无显著性差异(P>0.05);在DIO2的Gly3Asp位点,三种基因型在CG组与国际健将组、CG组与马拉松组间的分布均差异显著(P<0.05),其中TT基因型在CG组中不表达,仅存在于EEA组,但频率很低。DIO2的Thr92Ala及Gly3Asp位点处于强连锁不平衡,CT单体型在男CG组与女CG组、男CG组与男EEA组间分布均差异显著(P<0.05),在男CG组与男健将组、男马拉松组间的分布也均差异显著(P<0.05),TC单体型则在女CG组与女国际健将组、女5000m和10000m组间的分布差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:DIO2基因Thr92Ala及Gly3Asp位点的CT单体型分布具有性别差异,是男子EEA有氧耐力素质的分子标记,可用于男子长跑健将级运动员及马拉松运动员的分子选材,TC单体型则是女子长跑国际健将运动员和5000m、10000m运动员有氧耐力素质的分子标记。     

我国男子橄榄球运动员有氧能力的评定和比赛时能耗的初探*

目的:探究我国男子橄榄球运动员的有氧能力和比赛时的能量消耗,为精准化训练和比赛时营养策略的制定提供理论依据。方法:以18名男子橄榄球运动员(健将级)为研究对象,分别进行最大摄氧量(VO₂max),乳酸阈(LT)和conconi场地测试来评定其有氧能力,并比较前、后锋之间的供能差异,用wGT3X加速度计结合团队心率探究比赛时的能量消耗,所得数据进行独立样本t检验。结果:本次检测的橄榄球运动员相对最大摄氧量较差为(42.05±3.69) ml/min·kg^-1,前峰队员相对最大摄氧量为(38.83±3.52) ml/min·kg^-1、后锋队员相对最大摄氧量为(47.31±3.17)ml/min·kg^-1,二者之间的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);血乳酸阈测定在7 min时出现血乳酸拐点,后锋的血乳酸阈值要高于前锋运动员;conconi场地测试与实验室VO₂max有较高的相关性(r=0.772)。比赛中平均能量消耗上半场约为(276.94±18.08) kcals,下半场约为(225.58±22.86) kcals,下半场的能耗小于上半场(P＜0.05)。结论:英式7人制橄榄球运动员有氧能力较弱,且前、后锋队员存在差异。     

6周不同强度间歇性运动对肥胖大鼠体成分的影响*

目的:探讨不同强度间歇性运动对肥胖大鼠身体机能影响,为肥胖症的防治提供依据。方法:80只SD大鼠随机分成普通膳食组(n=20)和高脂膳食组(n=60),适应性喂养8周后,筛选普通膳食大鼠8只和高脂膳食肥胖大鼠32只,用于后续实验。将实验大鼠随机分为5组(n=8):普通对照组(CS),普通饲料喂养,不做任何运动;高脂安静组(HS):高脂饲料喂养,不作任何运动;高脂持续运动组(HC):进行60 min/d×5天/周×6周;高脂长时间低频率间歇性运动组(HLL):进行30 min/次×2次/天(间歇6 h)×5天/周×6周;高脂短时间高频率间歇性运动组(HSH):进行20 min/次×3次/天(间歇3 h)×5天/周×6周,各运动组大鼠在跑台上训练强度均为25 m/min。6周后,各组大鼠称重、检测RMR、FBG、TG等生化指标,并测量体脂及肌肉重量。结果:实验前,各组大鼠之间RMR、FBG、TG指标无统计学差异(P＞0.05);HSH、HLL、HC、HS组体重均明显高于CS组(P＜0.05)。实验后,HSH、HLL、HC组RMR均明显高于HS、CS组(P＜0.05),但HSH、HLL、HC组之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);HS组体重高于CS组(P＜0.05),HSH、HLL、HC组体重明显低于HS组(P＜0.05),但三组之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);HSH、HLL、HC组之间PF、EF、PF/W、EF/W均明显低于HS组(P＜0.01),而三者之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05);各组大鼠GM、QF均无显著性差异(P＞0.05),HSH、HLL、HC组之间GM/W、QF/W高于HS组(P＜0.05),而HSH、HLL、HC组之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);HSH、HLL、HC组FBG、TG均明显低于CS、HS组(P＜0.05),但与HS组差异更显著(P＜0.01),而各训练组之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。结论:6周不同强度间歇性运动对肥胖大鼠体成分产生了良好的干预效果,且短时间高频率间歇性运动(HSH)效果可能更好。     

A kinetic model describing Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 growth, substrate consumption, and product secretion

Aerobic growth of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in minimal lactate medium was studied in batch cultivation. Acetate production was observed in the middle of the exponential growth phase and was enhanced when the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was low. Once the lactate was nearly exhausted, S. oneidensis MR-1 used the acetate produced during growth on lactate with a similar biomass yield as lactate. A two-substrate Monod model, with competitive and uncompetitive substrate inhibition, was devised to describe the dependence of biomass growth on lactate, acetate, and oxygen and the acetate growth inhibition across a broad range of concentrations. The parameters estimated for this model indicate interesting growth kinetics: lactate is converted to acetate stoichiometrically regardless of the DO concentration; cells grow well even at low DO levels, presumably due to a very low K(m) for oxygen; cells metabolize acetate (maximum specific growth rate, micro(max,A) of 0.28 h(-1)) as a single carbon source slower than they metabolize lactate (micro(max,L) of 0.47 h(-1)); and growth on acetate is self-inhibiting at a concentration greater than 10 mM. After estimating model parameters to describe growth and metabolism under six different nutrient conditions, the model was able to successfully estimate growth, oxygen and lactate consumption, and acetate production and consumption under entirely different growth conditions.     

Concurrent nitrite oxidation and aerobic denitrification in activated sludge exposed to volatile fatty acids

The goal of this research was to investigate the simultaneous occurrence of nitrification and denitrification by activated sludge exposed to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during aerobic wastewater treatment using a single-stage reactor. A mixture of VFAs was spiked directly into a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) to assess subsequent impacts on nitrite removal, nitrate formation, CO(2) fixation, total bacterial density, and dominant nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) concentration (i.e., Nitrospira). The activity of the periplasmic nitrate reductase (NAP) enzyme and the presence of nap gene were also measured. A rapid decrease in the nitrate formation rate (>70% reduction) was measured for activated sludge exposed to VFAs; however, the nitrite removal rate was not reduced. The total bacterial density and Nitrospira concentration remained essentially constant; therefore, the reduction in nitrate formation rate was likely not due to heterotrophic uptake of nitrogen or to a decrease in the dominant NOB population. Additionally, VFA exposure did not impact microbial CO(2) fixation efficiency. The activity of NAP enzyme increased in the presence of VFAs suggesting that nitrate produced as a consequence of nitrite oxidation was likely further reduced to gaseous denitrification products via catalysis by NAP. Little, if any, nitrogen was discharged in the aqueous effluent of the CSTR after exposure to VFAs demonstrating that activated sludge treatment yielded compounds other than those typically produced solely by nitrification.     

Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome improvement in response to weight reduction

Objective: The objective was to test effects of aerobic exercise training on metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) improvement in response to weight reduction. Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 459 overweight and obese women (age, 49 ± 9 years; BMI, 28 ± 3 kg/m²) were recruited for a baseline examination to test the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic syndrome prevalence; among these, 67 subjects with MetSyn were treated with 14‐week weight‐loss programs, which included low‐calorie diet and aerobic exercise. The MetSyn was defined according to the Examination Committee of Criteria for “Metabolic Syndrome” in Japan. Maximal oxygen uptake (V?o _2max) during a maximal cycling test was measured as an index of cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline and after the intervention. Results: In the baseline examination, age‐ and BMI‐adjusted odds ratios for MetSyn prevalence in the low, middle, and upper thirds of V?o _2max were 1.0 (referent), 0.50 (95% confidence interval, 0.26 to 0.95), and 0.39 (95% confidence interval, 0.14 to 0.96), respectively (linear trend, p = 0.02). The adjusted odds ratios for MetSyn improvement in the two interventions with diet alone and diet plus exercise were 1.0 and 3.68 (95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 17.6; p = 0.04), respectively. Discussion: These results suggest that adding aerobic exercise training to a dietary weight‐reduction program further improves MetSyn (adjusted odds ratio, 3.68) in obese women, compared with diet alone. Further studies on an association between V?o _2max change and MetSyn improvement are needed.     

生活污水分散处理技术的进展

为了确保我国水体清洁,生活污水除了集中处理之外,分散式的净化槽系统也是不可缺少的。对生活污水分散处理的特点、难点及发展状况进行了论述,探讨了生活污水分散处理技术在应用中存在的问题及解决方法,指出厌氧和好氧生物膜联合处理的小型一体化生活污水净化槽的发展方向。