杭州地区发酵乳制品中乳酸菌发生耐药传播的安全性研究

目的对杭州地区市售发酵乳制品中分离鉴定的乳酸菌进行耐药传播的安全性分析,旨在揭示发酵乳制品中是否存在可传递耐药基因的超级耐药菌。方法自行分离鉴定的耐药乳酸菌,提取质粒并电泳分析是否存在质粒;以耐受叠氮化钠的大肠埃希菌J53作为受体菌进行质粒接合试验;若乳酸菌存在耐药现象,发现存在耐药质粒,且耐药性可通过质粒传播,评定为3级。乳酸菌存在耐药现象,发现存在耐药质粒,但接合试验未能证明耐药性可通过质粒传播,评定为2级。乳酸菌存在耐药现象,但未检测出耐药质粒,评定为1级。结果美丽健产品中分离的双歧杆菌（MLJ-G-2）和乳杆菌（MLJ-G-1）检测出含有质粒,但不会发生耐药转移,三种菌耐药危害等级分别为2、2、1。伊利产品中分离的双歧杆菌（YL-G-3）、乳杆菌（YL-G-1）、嗜热链球菌（YL-Q）检测出含有质粒,但不会发生耐药转移,四种菌耐药危害等级分别为2、2、1、2。味全产品中分离的双歧杆菌（WQ-G-3）、乳杆菌（WQ-G-1）、乳杆菌（WQ-G-2）、嗜热链球菌（WQ-Q）均检测出含有质粒,其中乳杆菌（WQ-G-1）、乳杆菌（WQ-G-2）会发生耐药转移,四种菌耐药危害等级分别为2、3、3、2。光明产品中分离的乳杆菌（GM-G-2）、乳杆菌（GM-G-3）、嗜热链球菌（GMQ）检测出含有质粒,乳杆菌（GM-G-2）会发生耐药转移,四种菌耐药危害等级分别为2、1、3、2。蒙牛产品中只分离的嗜热链球菌（MN-Q）检测出含有质粒,不会发生耐药转移,耐药危害等级为2。结论发酵乳制品中分离所得的乳酸菌81.2%的菌能检测出质粒,耐药性可能与质粒相关,存在潜在的生物安全威胁;18.8%的菌的耐药性可通过质粒接合发生传播,存在直接的生物安全威胁。     

Sternal gland structures in males of bean flower thrips,Megalurothrips sjostedti,and Poinsettia thrips,Echinothrips americanus,in comparison with those of western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Sternal pores are important features for identification of male thrips, especially within the subfamily Thripinae. They vary in shape, size and distribution even between species of one genus. Their functional role is speculated to be that of sex- and/or aggregation pheromone production. Yet, sexual aggregations are not reported in Echinothrips americanus, known to have sternal pores, while we observed aggregations in Megalurothrips sjostedti, previously reported to lack them.We examined the sternal glands and pores of the thripine species E. americanus and M. sjostedti males, in comparison with those of Frankliniella occidentalis using light microscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Pore plates of F. occidentalis were ellipsoid and medial on sternites III–VII, while in E. americanus they were distributed as multiple micro pore plates on sternites III–VIII. In M. sjostedti they appeared as an extremely small pore in front of the posterior margin of each of sternites IV–VII. Pore plate and pore plate area were distributed similarly on sternites III–VII in F. occidentalis. However, in E. americanus the total pore plate area increased significantly from sternites III to VIII. Ultrastructure of cells associated with sternal glands showed typical characteristics of gland cells that differ in size, shape and number. The function of sternal glands is further discussed on the basis of morphological comparisons with other thrips species.     

Bioavailability of Glucosyl Hesperidin in Rats

Glucosyl hesperidin (G-hesperidin) is a water-soluble derivative of hesperidin. We compared the absorption and metabolism of G-hesperidin with those of hesperidin in rats. After oral administration of G-hesperidin or hesperidin to rats, hesperetin was detected in sera hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase, but it was not detectable in unhydrolyzed sera. Serum hesperetin was found more rapidly in rats administered G-hesperidin than in those administered hesperidin. The area under the concentration-time curve for hesperetin in the sera of rats administered G-hesperidin was approximately 3.7-fold greater than that of rats administered hesperidin. In the urine of both administration groups, hesperetin and its glucuronide were found. Urinary excretion of metabolites was higher in rats administered G-hesperidin than in those administered hesperidin. These results indicate that G-hesperidin presents the same metabolic profile as hesperidin. Moreover, it was concluded that G-hesperidin is absorbed more rapidly and efficiently than hesperidin, because of its high water solubility.     

烟草可培养内生细菌的分离及多样性分析

采用稀释平板法, 从健康烟草的根、茎、叶组织中分离到267株内生细菌。利用细菌菌落表征性状和16S rRNA序列对这些分离物进行了多样性分析。通过数值分析比较了8个菌落形态表征性状, 以类平均连锁聚类法的方式进行聚类分析, 在2.15的水平上可分成5个聚类群和56个亚群。16S rDNA序列系统发育分析表明267株分离物可分为21个类群。研究表明同一菌落形态类型的菌株在系统发育树中不一定聚为一类, 菌落形态分类与分子生物学方法分类结果不完全一致。经克隆测序分析表明, 这267株分离物分别与GenBank中6类细菌中的21个已知种相似性达到98%?99%。其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)细菌是烟草可培养内生细菌的优势种群。     

An ultrastructural study of iron and manganese deposition associated with extracellular polymers of pedomicrobium-like budding bacteria

Morphological characteristics of two Pedomicrobium-like budding bacteria are described. A structured surface layer was regularly observed on strain 868. Ruthenium red- and Alcian blue-staining polymers were found on both strains.When either strain was grown in the presence of iron or manganese, the corresponding oxides accumulated on their surfaces. In thin sections iron oxides appeared as fine threads, arrays of particles or dense coatings, depending on the source of iron. Manganese oxides appeared as branching filaments or convoluted ribbons. Both metal oxides stained with ruthenium red. Extraction of the oxides followed by ruthenium red staining revealed that polyanionic polymers previously deposited on the cells were associated with the metals.Treatment of cultures with glutaraldehyde, HgCl₂, or heat, inhibited manganese but not iron deposition, suggesting that iron oxides accumulated by passive, non-biological processes. Manganese oxides apparently accumulated under control of a biological manganese-oxidizing factor. Incomplete inhibition of manganese deposition observed in cell suspensions suggested that, if the oxidizing factor was an enzyme, it was unusually stable.Based on these results, possible mechanisms of iron and manganese deposition in association with extracellular polymers are suggested.     

Seasonal Variation of Antifouling Activities of Marine Algae from the Brittany Coast (France)

The antifouling activity of extracts (aqueous, ethanol, and dichloromethane) of 9 marine macroalgae against bacteria, fungi, diatoms, macroalgal spores, mussel phenoloxidase activity, and barnacle cypris larvae has been investigated in relation to season in bimonthly samples from the Bay of Concarneau (France). Of the extracts tested, 48.2% were active against at least one of the fouling organisms, and of these extracts, 31.2% were seasonally active with a peak of activity in summer corresponding to maximal values for water temperature, light intensity, and fouling pressure, and 17% were active throughout the year. This seasonal activity may be adaptive as it coincides with maximal fouling pressure in the Bay of Concarneau. Dichloromethane extracts of Rhodophyceae were the most active in the antifouling assays.     

Fundamentals and Application Potential of Arsenic-Resistant Bacteria for Bioremediation in Rhizosphere: A Review

As a hazardous environmental metalloid toxicant, arsenic (As)—at elevated levels in water and soil—has created a major public health concern through its entry into the food chain by accumulation in crops. Among the various methods reported thus far for reclamation of As-contaminated crop fields, bioremediation using bacteria with plant-growth-promoting traits has been found to be a most promising solution. There is every possibility that bacterial isolates with the ability to remove or immobilize As could be used for successful bioremediation. However, bioremediation needs to define its boundaries between promise and field application, as most studies have been restricted to laboratory results only. Rhizosphere interactions play a critical role in monitoring As bioavailability to crop plants, thus a better understanding of it might improve rhizoremediation technologies. The challenges rely on the application of these novel approaches under field conditions. Despite some limitations, the prospect for successful stimulation and exploitation of microbial metabolism for As rhizoremediation appears to be very promising.