A comparison of sweating responses during exercise and recovery in terms of sweating rate and body temperature

Based on the hypothesis that the relation between sweating rate and body temperature should be different during exercise and rest after exercise, we compared the sweating response during exercise and recovery at a similar body temperature. Healthy male subjects performed submaximal exercise (Experiment 1) and maximal exercise (Experiment 2) in a room at 27° C and 35% relative humidity. During exercise and recovery of 20 min after exercise, esophageal temperature (Tes), mean skin temperature, mean body temperature ( ), chest sweating rate ( ), and the frequency of sweat expulsion (F _SW) were measured. In both experiments, andF _SW were clearly higher during exercise than recovery at a similar body temperature (Tes, ). was similar during exercise and recovery, or a little less during the former, at a similarF _SW. It is concluded that the sweating rate during exercise is greater than that during recovery at the same body temperature, due to greater central sudomotor activity during exercise. The difference between the two values is thought to be related to non-thermal factors and the rate of change in mean skin temperature.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUCLEOSIDE DIPHOSPHATE KINASE ACTIVITY AND LIGHT-LIMITED GROWTH RATE IN THE MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

Light-limited cultures of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt) Hasle and Heimdal (3H clone) were grown over a range of growth rates between 0.06 and 1.64 d^?1. Variations in cell volume, cell quotas of carbon, nitrogen, and protein, and maximal activity of the enzyme nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) were measured and examined as a function of growth rate. NDPK from T. pseudonana showed K_m values of 0.24 and 0.68 mM for thymidine 5′-diphosphate and adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), respectively, which are similar to those found for NDPK from a variety of organisms, from bacteria to mammals. An apparent activation enthalpy of 3.52 kCal·mol^?1 was determined from Arrhenius plots. No thermodynamic transition points were noted over a temperature range from 10° to 25°C. NDPK activity was significantly correlated with growth rate but not with cell volume, carbon, nitrogen, or protein; for interspecific comparisons, normalization of enzyme activity to cell number may be most meaningful. NDPK activity per cell versus growth rate followed a U-shaped relationship, being relatively constant between 0.5 and 1.0 d^?1 and rising at higher and lower growth rates. Over this range, enzyme activity may be regulated by substrate concentration (ATP or other nucleoside triphosphates) or by adenylate energy charge. At higher growth rates where energy charge and substrate concentrations are probably high, changes in enzyme concentration appear to be required. The reasons for a rise in enzyme activity at low growth rate is unclear. Simultaneous measurement of nucleoside di- and triphosphate levels alongside NDPK measurements may help clarify the relationship, but these preliminary experiments indicate that NDPK is of limited usefulness as an index of in situ growth rate.     

Biochemical characterization and crystallization of porin from Rhodopseudomonas blastica

Oligomeric porin of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas blastica DSM 2131 was obtained from cell envelopes by differential temperature extraction in the presence of detergent and salt. The isolated porin exhibited strong porin activity after reconstitution into lipid bilayer membranes. The effective channel diameter for the trimer was estimated as 1.5 nm from single channel conductance measurements in the presence of 1 M KCl. Moderate cation-selectivity was observed. Oligomeric porin migrated as a single band (apparent molecular weight 81 kDa) on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis when solubilized below 70 °C. The oligomers were converted into monomers on heating to 70 °C or above forming two bands with apparent molecular weight of 36 kDa and 35 kDa. The oligomer was not sensitive to EDTA. Its molecular weight was determined to be 119.3 kDa by analytical ultracentrifugation. The isoelectric point was 5.7. Circular dichroism data indicated a high content of -sheet structure. Gasphase sequencing of the N-terminal residues revealed the sequence: NH₂-Glu-Ile-Ser-Leu-Asn-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Arg-Phe. Crystals with a maximal side length of 300 m and diffracting to 0.32 nm resolution were obtained with the porin oligomer in the presence of C8E4 and 1,2,3-heptanetriol by using the vapor phase equilibration technique.Abbreviations C8E4 n-octyl tetraoxyethylene - M_r apparent molecular weight - Octyl-POE n-octyl polyoxyethylene - LDAO N,N-dimethyl dodecyl aminoxide - LPS lipopolysaccharide - PAGE polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis - PEG polyethylene glycol     

Anti-Candida activity of four antifungal benzothiazoles

Abstract Anti- Candida activity of 6-amino-2- n -pentylthiobenzothiazole (I), benzylester of (6-amino-2-benzothiazolylthio)acetic acid (II) and of 3-butylthio-(1,2,4-triazolo)-2,3-benzothiazole (III) was followed and compared to that of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (IV). I and II exhibited good activity against the C. albicans yeast form, similar to IV. They were inhibitorily active against other Candida strains, IC₅₀ values being of the order of 10⁻⁵ M, which means better activity than IV. Compound I also exhibited inhibitory activity on germ-tube formation and mycelial growth in the C. albicans strains, while II, III and IV were not active in these tests. III was the least active form of the compounds tested, IC₅₀ values being of the order of 10⁻⁴ M. All the compounds tested were highly active on a nystatin-resistant C. albicans mutant, with IC₅₀s of the order of 10⁻⁶ M−10⁻⁵ M.     

Synthesis and evaluation of the antidepressant activity of the enantiomers of bupropion

The synthesis of the enantiomers of bupropion, (rac)-2-tert-butylamino-3′-chloropropiophenone 1 (Wellbutrin®) is described. The enantiomers were compared with the racemate in both the tetrabenazine-induced sedation model and the inhibition of uptake of biogenic amine assay. No significant differences were found in their potencies to reverse tetrabenazine-induced sedation in mice or in their IC₅₀ values as inhibitors of biogenic amine uptake into nerve endings obtained from mouse brain. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

STABILIZATION MECHANISM IN SWIMMING ODONTOCETE CETACEANS BY PHASED MOVEMENTS

Propulsive movements of the caudal oscillating flukes produce large forces that could induce equally large recoil forces at the cranial end of the animal, and, thus, affect stability. To examine these vertical oscillations, video analysis was used to measure the motions of the rostrum, pectoral flipper, caudal peduncle, and fluke tip for seven odontocete cetaceans: Delphinapterus leucas, Globicephala melaena, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, Orcinus orca, Pseudorca crassidens, Stenella plagiodon , and Tursiops truncatus. Animals swam over a range of speeds of 1.4–7.30 m/sec. For each species, oscillatory frequency of the fluke tip increased linearly with swimming speed. Peak-to-peak amplitude at each body position remained constant with respect to swimming speed for all species. Mean peak-to-peak amplitude ranged from 0.02 to 0.06 body length at the rostrum and from 0.17 to 0.25 body length at the fluke tip. The phase relationships between the various body components remain constant with respect to swimming speed. Oscillations of the rostrum were nearly in phase with the fluke tip with phase differences out of—9.4°-33.0° of a cycle period of 360°. Pectoral flipper oscillations trailed fluke oscillations by 60.9°-123.4°. The lower range in amplitude at the rostrum compared to the fluke tip reflects increased resistance to vertical oscillation at the cranial end, which enhances the animal's stability. This resistance is likely due to both active and passive increased body stiffness, resistance on the flippers, phased movements of body components, and use of a lift-based propulsion. Collectively, these mechanisms stabilize the body of cetaceans during active swimming, which can reduce locomotor energy expenditure and reduce excessive motions of the head affecting sensory capabilities.