Anatomical defences against bark beetles relate to degree of historical exposure between species and are allocated independently of chemical defences within trees

Conifers possess chemical and anatomical defences against tree‐killing bark beetles that feed in their phloem. Resins accumulating at attack sites can delay and entomb beetles while toxins reach lethal levels. Trees with high concentrations of metabolites active against bark beetle‐microbial complexes, and more extensive resin ducts, achieve greater survival. It is unknown if and how conifers integrate chemical and anatomical components of defence or how these capabilities vary with historical exposure. We compared linkages between phloem chemistry and tree ring anatomy of two mountain pine beetle hosts. Lodgepole pine, a mid‐elevation species, has had extensive, continual contact with this herbivore, whereas high‐elevation whitebark pines have historically had intermittent exposure that is increasing with warming climate. Lodgepole pine had more and larger resin ducts. In both species, anatomical defences were positively related to tree growth and nutrients. Within‐tree constitutive and induced concentrations of compounds bioactive against bark beetles and symbionts were largely unrelated to resin duct abundance and size. Fewer anatomical defences in the semi‐naïve compared with the continually exposed host concurs with directional differences in chemical defences. Partially uncoupling chemical and morphological antiherbivore traits may enable trees to confront beetles with more diverse defence permutations that interact to resist attack.     

树脂载体固定S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的研究

目的:筛选一种适合S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶固定化的树脂载体,进行固定化工艺优化及固定化酶性质研究。方法:以固定化率和表观酶活回收率为指标,筛选固定化效果最佳的一种树脂,采用单因素实验对固定化条件进行优化。结果:阴离子交换树脂载体ESR-2表现出最优的固定化率(94.03%)和酶活回收率(47.45%);最佳固定化条件为加酶量4U/g、pH 8.0、15℃吸附10h,最佳条件下固定化酶表观酶活为2.1U/g,表观酶活回收率达51.6%。固定化酶的最适pH为8.5,最适温度为35℃,连续反应10批次后酶活剩余77.92%。结论:树脂载体ESR-2固定化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶酶活及稳定性较好,能够用于S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的工业化大规模生产。     

Effect of monomer treatment and polymerisation methods on the bond strength of resin teeth to denture base material

Background: The fracture between acrylic denture base material and artificial teeth is a common clinical occurrence in dental prosthodontic practice. Objective: To evaluate the bond strength between acrylic resins and resin denture teeth when submitted by two protocols of monomer liquid application on the tooth surface and using different polymerisation methods. Material and methods: Microwave‐polymerised (Onda‐Cryl), heat‐polymerised (Clássico) and autopolymerising (Jet) acrylic resins and a brand of resin denture teeth (Biotone) were used. The acrylic resins were polymerised according to the cycles: (A) microwave – fast cycle, Onda‐Cryl; (B) microwave – long cycle, Onda‐Cryl; (C) microwave – manufacturer’s cycle, Onda‐Cryl; (T) water bath – long cycle, Clássico and (Q) bench polymerisation cycle, Jet. Thirty specimens were prepared for each polymerisation method; 10 were packed with acrylic resin after 60 s of monomer liquid application on the tooth surface, 10 after 180 s and 10 without any monomer liquid application. For the purpose of the study, a shear test was used. anova and Tukey tests were performed to identify significant differences (α = 0.05). Results: The highest bond strength values were found for monomer surface treatments, regardless of the polymerisation cycles. The highest significant values were found for cycles B (15.4 ± 1.8 MPa), C (11.9 ± 4.9 MPa) and T (15.4 ± 2.6 MPa) for non‐treated and 60 s methylmethacrylate treated groups. Comparing the monomer liquid treatment, they did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), except for cycle A (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Chemical treatment using monomer on the tooth surface prior to the acrylic resin packing improved the bond strength between resin denture tooth and acrylic resin, regardless of monomer liquid treatment protocols. The microwavable resin, polymerised by fast cycle and autopolymerising resin should be avoided for processing denture and denture repairs, respectively.     

用732阳离子交换树脂柱提取碱性氨基酸工艺研究

本文是从棉籽饼粕中,应用７３２阳离子树脂柱提取碱性氨基酸。研究结果表明,碱性氨基酸与中性氨基酸之间交叉部分较小。因此,本法即简化了提取工序,又缩短了操作时间,大大提高了氨基酸的分离效果。     

Simultaneous extraction of soil phytoavailable cadmium,copper, and lead by chelating resin membrane

Cadmium, copper, and lead were extracted from suspensions of contaminated soils using metal chelating exchange resin membranes. Nine soils with widely varying properties and Cd, Cu and Pb levels were tested. Soil suspensions made up with 4 g in 40 mL deionized water were equilibrated with 5 cm² Ca-saturated Chelex exchange resin membrane which was retained inside a polypropylene bag and shaken at 150 rpm for 24 hrs. Resin membrane extractable Cd, Cu and Pb of the soils were correlated with Cd, Cu, and Pb uptake by young wheat seedlings grown in these soils and compared with soil Cd, Cu, and Pb extracted by 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M CaCl₂, and 0.005 M Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). The amounts of Cd, Cu and Pb extracted by the Ca-saturated Chelex membrane from all tested soils correlated well with those absorbed by young wheat seedlings. The Ca-saturated Chelex membrane extractable Cd, Cu and Pb of the soil had the strongest correlation with plant uptake Cd, Cu and Pb among the extraction methods we tested. It was demonstrated that the Ca-saturated Chelex membrane extraction is an appropriate method in simultaneously estimating Cd, Cu and Pb phytoavailability of soil and is applicable to a wide range of soils.     

湿地松木质部和针叶松脂合成基因分析

为挖掘湿地松(Pinus elliottii)松脂合成相关的基因,对不同采脂期的木质部和针叶进行高通量转录组测序,与火炬松(Pinus taeda)参考基因组进行比对,共获得了68 211条unigenes,546 356 450条clean reads,平均比对率达90.21%。将不同时期木质部、木质部与针叶间进行两两对比,以P＜0.05,|log₂FoldChange|＞1.0为标准来筛选差异基因,并进行GO和KEGG富集分析。结果表明,参与萜类物质合成的差异基因有133个,其中大部分富集在MEP途径,从差异基因中挑选8个产脂相关的候选基因进行RT-qPCR验证,确定HMGR、DXS、TPS、ABC转运蛋白基因与产脂存在关联性。通过转录组测序与分析,挖掘出133个参与松脂萜类物质合成相关的差异基因,其中萜烯合酶基因(TPS)和ABC转运基因在正调控萜类物质合成中发挥关键作用。     

Electrochemical DNA biosensor based on silver nanoparticles/poly(3-(3-pyridyl) acrylic acid)/carbon nanotubes modified electrode

In this work, we present an electrochemical DNA sensor based on silver nanoparticles/poly(trans-3-(3-pyridyl) acrylic acid) (PPAA)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes with carboxyl groups (MWCNTs-COOH) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The polymer film was electropolymerized onto MWCNTs-COOH modified electrode by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and then silver nanoparticles were electrodeposited on the surface of PPAA/MWCNTs-COOH composite film. Thiol group end single-stranded DNA (HS-ssDNA) probe was easily covalently linked onto the surface of silver nanoparticles through a 5′ thiol linker. The DNA hybridization events were monitored based on the signal of the intercalated adriamycin by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Based on the response of adriamycin, only the complementary oligonucleotides gave an obvious current signal compared with the three-base mismatched and noncomplementary oligonucleotides. Under the optimal conditions, the increase of reduction peak current of adriamycin was linear with the logarithm of the concentration of the complementary oligonucleotides from 9.0 × 10⁻¹² to 9.0 × 10⁻⁹ M with a detection limit of 3.2 × 10⁻¹² M. In addition, this DNA sensor exhibited an excellent reproducibility and stability during DNA hybridization assay.     

康乃馨红色素的提取研究

研究了用树脂吸附和分离康乃馨红色素 ,比较了 4种树脂对康乃馨红色素的吸附。结果表明 ,四种树脂对康乃馨红色素的吸附效果均较好。本实验选用AB 8树脂作吸附剂。洗脱剂用 6 0 %的乙醇 ,洗脱效果好 ,产品杂质少 ,色价高 ,且使用 2 0次后其吸附性能稳定 ,所以选用AB 8树脂吸附康乃馨红色素     

Effect of reline material and denture base surface treatment on the impact strength of a denture base acrylic resin

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00292.x
Effect of reline material and denture base surface treatment on the impact strength of a denture base acrylic resin Objective: In this study, the effect of relining and surface treatment on the impact strength (IS) of a heat‐polymerising denture base acrylic resin (Lucitone 550‐L) was evaluated. Materials and methods: Rectangular bars of L were made (60 × 6 × 2 mm) and relined (2 mm) with the relining resins Ufi Gel Hard (UH) and Tokuso Rebase Fast (TR). Specimens relined with L and intact L, TR and UH specimens were also made (60 × 6 × 4 mm), for comparison. Before relining, the L surface was left untreated or wetted with methyl methacrylate monomer and/or the bonding agents (BA) supplied by manufacturers of the reline resins. V‐notches were machined at the midpoint of the length of all specimens. The notches were made either across the width (Nw) or across the thickness of the specimens (Nth). The Charpy impact test was performed using a 0.5‐J pendulum, which had been specially designed and constructed. Data were analysed separately for each notch position using one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference post‐hoc test (p = 0.05). Results: The IS of L was similar to that of L/L. For the Nw notch, treating the denture base L with TR BA and relining with TR reline material produced the highest IS. Conclusion: The IS of specimens made from heat polymerising acrylic resin Lucitone 550 was increased after relining using the hard chairside reline resin TR with its proprietary BA.