Using spatially explicit commodity flow and truck activity data to map urban material flows

To analyze and promote resource efficiency in urban areas, it is important to characterize urban metabolism and particularly, material flows. Material flow analysis (MFA) offers a means to capture the dynamism of cities and their activities. Urban‐scale MFAs have been conducted in many cities, usually employing variants of the Eurostat methodology. However, current methodologies generally reduce the study area into a “black box,” masking details of the complex processes within the city's metabolism. Therefore, besides the aggregated stocks and flows of materials, the movement of materials—often embedded in goods or commodities—should also be highlighted. Understanding the movement and dispersion of goods and commodities can allow for more detailed analysis of material flows. We highlight the potential benefits of using high‐resolution urban commodity flows in the context of understanding material resource use and opportunities for conservation. Through the use of geographic information systems and visualizations, we analyze two spatially explicit datasets: (1) commodity flow data in the United States, and (2) Global Positioning System‐based commercial vehicle (truck) driver activity data in Singapore. In the age of “big data,” we bring advancements in freight data collection to the field of urban metabolism, uncovering the secondary sourcing of materials that would otherwise have been masked in typical MFA studies. This brings us closer to a consumption‐based, finer‐resolution approach to MFA, which more effectively captures human activities and its impact on urban environments.     

Type III-A CRISPR-Cas Csm Complexes: Assembly,Periodic RNA Cleavage,DNase Activity Regulation,and Autoimmunity

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盐及干旱胁迫对油菜抗氧化系统和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的影响

以白菜型油菜‘陇油6号’和‘天油2号’为试验材料,经MAPK抑制剂U0126、H_2O_2清除剂DMTU、NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI和IMD预处理后再分别进行盐胁迫、PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究其对两种油菜幼苗活性氧、抗氧化酶活性和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫和PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下,两种白菜型油菜中H_2O_2积累量上升,O_2^-·积累量下降,抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶APX和谷胱甘肽还原酶GR)活性和RbohC、RbohF基因表达均升高.与单独胁迫处理相比,两种油菜O_2^-·积累、抗氧化酶活性和RbohC、RbohF基因的表达量均明显降低,经DMTU、DPI和IMD预处理后再分别进行盐和干旱胁迫,H_2O_2积累量下降,但U0126预处理后再进行胁迫处理,H_2O_2积累量上升.说明NADPH氧化酶、MAP激酶级联途径、H_2O_2参与了盐、干旱胁迫下活性氧产生、抗氧化酶活性变化和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的调控.     

樟子松针叶化学成分研究

该研究以采自黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市的樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)针叶为对象,采用溶剂提取法对樟子松针叶中的化学成分进行提取,应用硅胶柱色谱、制备薄层色谱和高效液相色谱等现代色谱技术对提取浸膏中的化学成分进行分离和纯化,运用质谱,核磁(1H-NMR和13C-NMR)等波谱技术,鉴定了化合物结构,并对提取浸膏的抑菌活性进行了测试。结果表明:从樟子松针叶提取物中分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为松叶酸(1)、松叶酸甲酯(2)、18α-acetoxylabd-8(17)-en-15-oic acid (3)、4-eplimbricataloic acid (4)、15-乙基-18-松叶酸甲酯(5)、15-acetoxy-labda-8(17),13E-dien-18-al (6)、7β-羟基脱氢枞酸(7)、7α-羟基脱氢枞酸(8)、endo-peroxide (9)、α-杜松醇(10)、β-谷甾醇(11)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(12)、7R,11R-phytol (13)、正二十四烷醇(14)、N-octacosan7β-ol (15)。其中,化合物9,13,14和15为首次从该属植物中分离得到。抑菌活性结果表明,正己烷萃取浸膏在浓度为5~100 mg·mL~(-1)时对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢菌的抑菌率分别为53%~71%和56%~70%,在浓度为50 mg·mL~(-1)和100 mg·mL~(-1)时对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率分别为51%和69%。该研究课题进一步明确了樟子松针叶中的化学成分,为其活性测试及应用研究提供依据。     

蔓茎堇菜和柔毛堇菜多糖的抑菌抗氧化活性

利用乙醇沉淀法提取蔓茎堇菜Viola diffusa和柔毛堇菜V.principis多糖并分别进行抑菌及抗氧化试验。结果表明,蔓茎堇菜和柔毛堇菜多糖提取率分别为7.0%和8.3%。不同倍数体积无水乙醇沉淀提取的多糖抑菌和抗氧化能力不同。抑菌效果显示,蔓茎堇菜多糖对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈分别可达8.46mm和8.59mm,柔毛堇菜对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈均可达9.13mm,但两种堇菜多糖对黑曲霉和啤酒酵母未呈现抑制活性;抗氧化研究发现,蔓茎堇菜多糖抗氧化活性为243.64U·mL^-1,柔毛堇菜多糖抗氧化活性为411.78U·mL^-1。由此可见,无论是抑菌还是抗氧化活性方面,柔毛堇菜极显著优于蔓茎堇菜(P<0.01)。蔓茎堇菜和柔毛堇菜多糖都具有一定的抑菌抗氧化活性,均可作为食药两用植物资源进行开发利用。     

天葵子化学成分及抑菌活性研究

为探究天葵子化学成分及其抑菌活性。采用色谱法从天葵子中分离得到13个化合物,利用波谱学等方法鉴定了它们的化学结构,分别鉴定为蝙蝠葛内酯(1)、格列风内酯(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、胡萝卜苷(4)、对羟基苯乙醇(5)、邻苯二甲酸-二-2-乙基-己酯(6)、小檗碱(7)、木兰碱(8)、唐松草酚定(9)、果糖(10)、紫草氰苷(11)、小檗红碱(12)、bauhinin(13)。其中化合物12和13为首次从天葵子中分离得到。采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定了所得化合物的抑菌活性,其中化合物7和12具有明显的抑菌活性,在载药量为5μg/片时,化合物7对白菜软腐病菌和猕猴桃溃疡病菌的抑菌圈直径分别为19.4、13.3mm;化合物12对青枯病菌和猕猴桃溃疡病菌的抑菌圈直径分别为13.2、12.8mm,表明天葵子对于防治作物细菌性病害具有较好的应用前景。     

Cancers in France in 2015 attributable to insufficient physical activity

IntroductionInsufficient physical activity is a known risk factor for various co-morbidities, including cancer. Globally, its prevalence has increased markedly over the past decades. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion and number of cancers that were attributable to insufficient physical activity in France in 2015.MethodsPopulation attributable fractions (PAFs) and numbers of cancer cases attributable to insufficient physical activity (<30 min daily of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) were estimated by age, sex and cancer site. Assuming a 10-year lag-period, PAFs were calculated using physical activity prevalence from a cross-sectional French population survey and cancer-specific relative risks.ResultsAbout half of all French adults were found to be insufficiently physically active, with great variation by age and sex. In 2015, an estimated 2973 cancer cases diagnosed in French adults aged 30y+ were attributable to insufficient physical activity, corresponding to 0.8% of all cancer cases (0.2% in men and 1.6% in women). This comprised 3.8% of all postmenopausal breast cancers (1620 cases), 3.6% of all colon cancers (902 cases) and 6.0% of all cancers of the corpus uteri (450 cases). If at least half of the recommended physical activity level was achieved, 1095 cancer cases could have been avoided.ConclusionInsufficient physical activity is associated to about 3000 cancer cases in France, a country with comparatively low but increasing prevalence of this risk factor. This result is important for setting priorities in cancer prevention programmes aiming to increase physical activity in France and Europe in general.