Successful feeding enrichment for captive chimpanzees

An analysis of a feeding enrichment program for captive chimpanzees was completed to determine the effects of that program on the incidence of agonistic and abnormal behaviors by using 41 adult chimpanzees in six social groups. Four feeding enrichment procedures were implemented simultaneously in the experimental phase of this ABA design study. The procedures were planned to elicit time-consuming, noncompetitive feeding, theorizing a consequent reduction in agonism and detrimental abnormal behaviors typically occurring in captive chimpanzees. The 270 hours of data were collected over a 6-month period. A multivariate analysis of variance result supported the hypothesis, as the barrage of feeding enrichment techniques significantly reduced agonism and abnormal behaviors. This study's significance lies in its application of the scientific method to improving the husbandry of captive primates.     

Naturally prion resistant mammals

Each known abnormal prion protein (PrP^Sc) is considered to have a specific range and therefore the ability to infect some species and not others. Consequently, some species have been assumed to be prion disease resistant as no successful natural or experimental challenge infections have been reported. This assumption suggested that, independent of the virulence of the PrP^Sc strain, normal prion protein (PrP^C) from these ‘resistant’ species could not be induced to misfold. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies trying to corroborate the unique properties of PrP^Sc have been undertaken. The results presented in the article “Rabbits are not resistant to prion infection” demonstrated that normal rabbit PrP^C, which was considered to be resistant to prion disease, can be misfolded to PrP^Sc and subsequently used to infect and transmit a standard prion disease to leporids. Using the concept of species resistance to prion disease, we will discuss the mistake of attributing species specific prion disease resistance based purely on the absence of natural cases and incomplete in vivo challenges. The BSE epidemic was partially due to an underestimation of species barriers. To repeat this error would be unacceptable, especially if present knowledge and techniques can show a theoretical risk. Now that the myth of prion disease resistance has been refuted it is time to re-evaluate, using the new powerful tools available in modern prion laboratories, whether any other species could be at risk.     

ERp57 as a novel cellular factor controlling prion protein biosynthesis: Therapeutic potential of protein disulfide isomerases

Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is observed in Prion-related disorders (PrDs). The protein disulfide isomerase ERp57 is a stress-responsive ER chaperone up-regulated in the brain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. However, the actual role of ERp57 in prion protein (PrP) biogenesis and the ER stress response remained poorly defined. We have recently addressed this question using gain- and loss-of-function approaches in vitro and animal models, observing that ERp57 regulates steady-state levels of PrP. Our results revealed that ERp57 modulates the biosynthesis and maturation of PrP but, surprisingly, does not contribute to the global cellular reaction against ER stress in neurons. Here we discuss the relevance of ERp57 as a possible therapeutic target in PrDs and other protein misfolding disorders.     

Helix-coil transition of PrP106-126: molecular dynamic study.

A set of 34 molecular dynamic (MD) simulations totaling 305 ns of simulation time of the prion protein-derived peptide PrP106-126 was performed with both explicit and implicit solvent models. The objective of these simulations is to investigate the relative stability of the alpha-helical conformation of the peptide and the mechanism for conversion from the helix to a random-coil structure. At neutral pH, the wild-type peptide was found to lose its initial helical structure very fast, within a few nanoseconds (ns) from the beginning of the simulations. The helix breaks up in the middle and then unwinds to the termini. The spontaneous transition into the random coil structure is governed by the hydrophobic interaction between His(111) and Val(122). The A117V mutation, which is linked to GSS disease, was found to destabilize the helix conformation of the peptide significantly, leading to a complete loss of helicity approximately 1 ns faster than in the wild-type. Furthermore, the A117V mutant exhibits a different mechanism for helix-coil conversion, wherein the helix begins to break up at the C-terminus and then gradually to unwind towards the N-terminus. In most simulations, the mutation was found to speed up the conversion through an additional hydrophobic interaction between Met(112) and the mutated residue Val(117), an interaction that did not exist in the wild-type peptide. Finally, the beta-sheet conformation of the wild-type peptide was found to be less stable at acidic pH due to a destabilization of the His(111)-Val(122), since at acidic pH this histidine is protonated and is unlikely to participate in hydrophobic interaction.     

Relationship of inbreeding with sperm quality and reproductive success in Mexican gray wolves

The ultimate goal of the Mexican gray wolf Canis lupus baileyi captive management program is reintroduction of healthy individuals into wild habitats. To this end, zoo population managers work to provide not only for the physical well-being but also for the genetic health of these animals. However, the very limited genetic founder base, exacerbated by breeding within three distinct lineages, resulted in very high coefficients of inbreeding. Because support for measurable levels of inbreeding depression in the captive wolf population, as defined by reductions in common fitness measures such as juvenile survival or reproductive success, has been weak, we investigated the potential effects on male reproductive capacity. We analyzed semen samples from wolves from all three lineages and compared them with samples from subsequent lineage crosses and from generic gray wolves. We not only found a significant effect of inbreeding on sperm quality but we related both inbreeding and sperm quality to reproductive success. Samples from male offspring of lineage crosses, with inbreeding coefficients of zero were similar in quality to those from generic gray wolves. However, samples from a limited number of offspring from back-crosses were of extremely poor quality. Although it is reassuring that sperm quality was so much improved in male offspring of lineage crosses, the concomitant reduction in inbreeding coefficient does not eliminate the potentially deleterious alleles. Our results demonstrate that sperm quality is an important indicator of fertility and reproductive success in Mexican wolves. In addition, our data lend further support to the presence of inbreeding depression in this taxon.     

细胞浆中PrP蛋白的表达及其细胞毒性作用的研究

为了探讨在胞浆中表达的PrP的理化特征以及对细胞活性的影响,我们构建了胞浆型PrP(CytoPrP)真核表达质粒,瞬时转染人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞,通过蛋白酶敏感性实验检测CytoPrP及其蛋白酶抗性,利用MTT和Trypan Blue细胞计数检测CytoPrP的细胞毒性作用.结果显示,CytoPrP在胞浆内的存在受蛋白酶抑制剂的控制;与野生型PrP相比,CytoPrP具有相对较强的蛋白酶K(PK)抗性.MTT和细胞计数实验均显示,Cyto-PrP的存在可诱导明显的细胞毒性效应,而CytoPrP的细胞毒性作用受蛋白酶抑制剂含量的影响,呈剂量依赖关系.上述结果为研究CytoPrP在朊病毒病的发病机制中的意义提供了一定的科学数据.     

羊瘙痒病263K毒株感染的仓鼠脑中PrP分子形式多样性的动态测定

正常细胞的朊蛋白(PrPC)代谢和构象的改变是引发动物和人类可传播性海绵状脑病(transmissiblespongiformencephalopathies,TSEs)的根本原因。将羊瘙痒病(scrapie)仓鼠适应株263K颅内接种仓鼠,在接种后的第20、40、50、60、70、80天,通过Westernblot动态检测仓鼠脑中PrP存在的形式。结果在接种后第40天,在感染动物脑组织中即检测到PrPSc分子,比临床症状出现的时间早(平均潜伏期为66 7±1 1天),且无糖基化形式的PrP分子所占百分比在接种后期增加明显。除了标准分子量大小(30kD～35kD)的PrP分子外,在感染动物脑中存在着高分子量和低分子量形式的PrP分子。定量分析显示,随着接种潜伏期的延长,不同形式PrP分子的含量也在增加,其中低分子量形式的PrP分子与临床症状的出现密切相关。蛋白去糖基化实验表明,在感染动物脑组织中,除了标准分子量大小的PrP蛋白外,还存在一条更小分子量的PrP条带,而正常动物脑组织仅存在标准大小的PrP分子。低分子量形式的PrP分子具有与全长PrP分子相类似的糖基化模式。结果提示,scrapie263K感染的仓鼠脑组织中存在不同分子形式的PrPSc,其PrP分子的代谢可能不同于正常动物。     

Association of a GPI-anchored protein with detergent-resistant membranes facilitates its trafficking through the early secretory pathway

Membrane microdomains are implicated in the trafficking and sorting of several membrane proteins. In particular GPI-anchored proteins cluster into Triton X-100 resistant, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich membrane microdomains and are sorted to the apical membrane. A growing body of evidence has pointed to the existence of other types of microdomains that are insoluble in detergents, such as Lubrol WX and Tween-20. Here, we report on the role of detergent-resistant membranes formed at early stages in the biosynthesis of membrane dipeptidase (MDP), a GPI-anchored protein, on its trafficking and sorting. Pulse-chase experiments revealed a retarded maturation rate of the GPI-anchor deficient mutant (MDPΔGPI) as compared to the wild type protein (wtMDP). However, Golgi to cell surface delivery rate did not show a significant difference between the two variants. On the other hand, early biosynthetic forms of wtMDP were partially insoluble in Tween-20, while MDPΔGPI was completely soluble. The lack of association of MDPΔGPI with detergent-resistant membranes prior to maturation in the Golgi and the reduction in its trafficking rate strongly suggest the existence of an early trafficking control mechanisms for membrane proteins operating at a level between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cis-Golgi.