序贯血液净化对严重创伤合并MODS患者炎性因子以及血流动力学的影响

目的:探讨序贯血液净化(SBP)对严重创伤合并多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者血清炎性因子及血流动力学的影响。方法:选取2015年7月-2017年5月第三军医大学新桥医院收治的严重创伤合并MODS患者48例,根据患者的治疗方式分为对照组21例以及观察组27例,其中对照组接受常规内科治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上进行SBP治疗,在治疗前后对两组患者的肝肾功能、血清炎性因子水平、血流动力学指标进行检测,并对比两组患者ICU住院时间、病死率、机械通气时间。结果:治疗后两组患者的总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)水平均较治疗前降低,且治疗后观察组患者各指标低于对照组(P0.05);治疗后两组患者血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平均较治疗前显著降低,且治疗后观察组患者各炎性因子水平显著低于对照组(P0.05);治疗后两组患者的心率(HR)、中心静脉压(CVP)较治疗前降低,平均动脉压(MAP)、心脏指数(CI)较治疗前升高,且治疗后观察组患者的HR、CVP显著低于对照组,MAP、CI显著高于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者的ICU住院时间、机械通气时间均较对照组缩短,病死率较对照组明显降低(P0.05)。结论:SBP应用于严重创伤合并MODS患者的治疗可以有效减轻患者的炎性反应,并可以显著改善患者血流动力学以及预后。     

右美托咪啶联合咪达唑仑在颅脑创伤中的镇静效果及对神经内分泌的影响

目的:探讨右美托咪啶联合咪达唑仑在颅脑创伤中的镇静效果及对神经内分泌的影响。方法:选择2015年3月至2016年5月我院收治的82例颅脑外伤患者,随机分为对照组(n=41)和观察组(n=41),对照组患者给予丙泊酚联合右美托咪啶镇静治疗,观察组患者则给予右美托咪啶联合咪达唑仑镇静治疗。比较两组患者24 h内镇静效率、镇静1 d医疗费用及用药前后呼吸循环功能变化、血清皮质醇、β-内啡肽水平、外周血白细胞计数以及血糖水平。结果:观察组镇静1 d医疗费用较对照组降低,有统计学差异(P0.05),但两组镇静效率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。用药后观察组患者平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和呼吸频率(RR)分别高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而血氧饱和度(SpO2)、中心静脉压(CVP)比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。用药后两组患者血清皮质醇、β-内啡肽均较用药前降低,观察组血清皮质醇、β-内啡肽均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。用药后观察组患者外周血白细胞计数、血糖水平较用药前降低,对照组患者血糖水平较用药前降低,观察组患者外周血白细胞计数显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:右美托咪啶联合咪达唑仑应用于颅脑创伤中的镇静效果显著,可有效控制颅脑创伤后的过度应激反应,降低神经内分泌系统紊乱,减少医疗费用,值得临床推广应用。     

纳洛酮和电针改善创伤应激大鼠的免疫功能

本工作研究了中枢阿片肽系统在手术创伤介导大鼠免疫功能低下效应中的作用以及电针对创伤介导的免疫功能低下效应的影响。     

Abdominal Adiposity in Six Populations of West African Descent: Prevalence and Population Attributable Fraction of Hypertension

OKOSUN, IKE S., TERRENCE E. FORRESTER, CHARLES N. ROTIMI, BABATUNDE O. OSOTIMEHIN, WALINJOM F. MUNA, AND RICHARD S. COOPER. Abdominal adiposity in six populations of West African descent: prevalence and population attributable fraction of hypertension. Obes Res. Objectives: The objective of this investigation was to examine the prevalence of abdominal adiposity and its association with the prevalence of hypertension among African descent populations in Nigeria, Cameroon, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Barbados, and the United States (US). Research Method: The data for this investigation were obtained from the International Collaborative Study on Hypertension in Blacks. Hypertension was defined as mean diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or current treatment with prescribed anti-hypertension medication. Abdominal overweight was defined as waist circumference (WC) ≥94 and ≥80 cm for men and women, respectively. Abdominal obesity was defined as WC ≥102 and ≥88 cm for men and women, respectively. We estimated the site-specific prevalence of abdominal overweight and obesity across age and body mass index cut-points. We also calculated the population attributable fraction (AF) of hypertension due to abdominal adiposity. Results: The prevalence of hypertension in these populations was tightly linked to abdominal adiposity. Increases in abdominal overweight accompanied an increasing degree of Westernization, rising from 6. 4% and 26. 3% in Nigeria, 16. 5% and 62. 8% in Cameroon, 15. 8% and 58. 6% in Jamaica, 14. 3% and 62. 1% in St. Lucia, 21. 4% and 70. 3% in Barbados to 38. 9%, and 76. 4% in the US for men and women, respectively. The corresponding values for abdominal obesity were 1. 6% and 12. 3% in Nigeria, 5. 1% and 38. 9% in Cameroon, 5. 5% and 34. 0% in Jamaica, 2. 7% and 40. 7% in St. Lucia, 7. 8% and 44. 7% in Barbados to 21. 7% and 54. 1% in the US for men and women, respectively. Body mass index-adjusted estimates of AF suggest that in most of these populations, especially in females, avoidance of abdominal overweight or obesity would help to curb the development of hypertension. Discussion: An important public health challenge is to clarify how lifestyle factors influence risks of abdominal adiposity and ultimately the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.     

Arachidonic Acid-Induced Oxidative Injury to Cultured Spinal Cord Neurons

Spinal cord trauma can cause a marked release of free fatty acids, in particular, arachidonic acid (AA), from cell membranes. Free fatty acids, and AA by itself, may lead to secondary damage to spinal cord neurons. To study this hypothesis, cultured spinal cord neurons were exposed to increasing concentrations of AA (0.01-10 microM). AA-induced injury to spinal cord neurons was assessed by measurements of cellular oxidative stress, intracellular calcium levels, activation of nuclear factor-KB (NF-kappaB), and cell viability. AA treatment increased intracellular calcium concentrations and decreased cell viability. Oxidative stress increased significantly in neurons exposed to 1 and 10 microM AA. In addition, AA treatment activated NF-kappaB and decreased levels of the inhibitory subunit, IKB. It is interesting that manganese superoxide dismutase protein levels and levels of intracellular total glutathione increased in neurons exposed to this fatty acid for 24 h, consistent with a compensatory response to increased oxidative stress. These results strongly support the hypothesis that free fatty acids contribute to the tissue injury observed following spinal cord trauma.     

Transplants of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) derived from adult bone marrow represent a potentially useful source of cells for cell replacement therapy after nervous tissue damage. They can be expanded in culture and reintroduced into patients as autografts or allografts with unique immunologic properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate (i) survival, migration, differentiation properties of hMSCs transplanted into non-immunosuppressed rats after spinal cord injury (SCI) and (ii) impact of hMSC transplantation on functional recovery. Seven days after SCI, rats received i.v. injection of hMSCs (2×10⁶ in 0.5 mL DMEM) isolated from adult healthy donors. Functional recovery was assessed by Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (BBB) score weekly for 28 days. Our results showed gradual improvement of locomotor function in transplanted rats with statistically significant differences at 21 and 28 days. Immunocytochemical analysis using human nuclei (NUMA) and BrdU antibodies confirmed survival and migration of hMSCs into the injury site. Transplanted cells were found to infiltrate mainly into the ventrolateral white matter tracts, spreading also to adjacent segments located rostro-caudaly to the injury epicenter. In double-stained preparations, hMSCs were found to differentiate into oligodendrocytes (APC), but not into cells expressing neuronal markers (NeuN). Accumulation of GAP-43 regrowing axons within damaged white matter tracts after transplantation was observed. Our findings indicate that hMSCs may facilitate recovery from spinal cord injury by remyelinating spared white matter tracts and/or by enhancing axonal growth. In addition, low immunogenicity of hMSCs was confirmed by survival of donor cells without immunosuppressive treatment.     

血浆D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原水平与骨创伤患者创伤程度的相关性

目的:分析骨创伤患者的血浆D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原水平及其与创伤程度的相关性。方法:收集2015年1月至2016年1月我院收治的骨创伤患者180例作为观察组,选择同期接受体检的健康者100例作为对照组。动态监测两组受检者入院后第1、3、6、10 d的血浆D-二聚(DD)和纤维蛋白原(FIB)的水平,并分析DD和FIB水平与骨创伤程度的相关性。结果:入院后第1、3、6、10 d,观察组的FIB和DD水平均出现下降趋势,但均显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。重度创伤组和中度创伤组患者的FIB水平显著高于轻度创伤组,且重度创伤组FIB水平显著高于中度创伤组,组间比较差异均具有统计学差异(P0.05)。从入院第1 d至10 d,3组患者的FIB水平均出现显著降低(P0.05)。轻度创伤组患者的DD水平最低,其次是中度创伤组,重度创伤组最高,组间比较差异均具有统计学差异(P0.05)。从入院第1 d至10 d,3组患者的DD水平均出现显著降低(P0.05)。此骨创伤患者创伤严重程度与FIB和DD的水平均呈现出显著正相关关系(r=0.64,P=0.003;r=0.71,P=0.002)。结论:骨创伤患者的血浆FIB和DD水平显著高于健康人,与创伤程度呈显著正相关,可能作为骨创伤患者病情程度和预后评估的生物指标。     

神经节苷脂联合高压氧对重度脑外伤急性期患者凝血功能的影响及促醒作用

目的:分析神经节苷脂联合高压氧对重度脑外伤急性期患者凝血功能的影响及促醒作用。方法:收集我院2014年2月至2015年2月收治的重度脑外伤急性期患者120例,对照组60例行常规治疗,研究组60例在常规治疗基础上联合神经节苷脂及高压氧治疗,比较两组治疗后内皮功能、凝血功能、Barthel指数及格拉斯哥加昏迷量表(GCS)评分变化,清醒时间、并发症及预后情况。结果:治疗后,研究组内皮功能明显优于对照组,D-二聚体(D-D)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)低于对照组,Barthel生活指数及GCS评分高于对照组,清醒时间短于对照组,并发症率低于对照组,预后良好率高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:神经节苷脂联合高压氧可有效改善重度脑外伤急性期患者的凝血功能,促进患者苏醒,改善患者的预后。     

Multiple male morphs in the leaf‐footed bug Mictis longicornis (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

Species within the coreid clade (Hemiptera: Coreidae) can often be observed competing in intrasexual competitions over access to mates and territories. Coreids that partake in these competitions typically possess sexually dimorphic hind legs that are used to strike and squeeze their rivals. In addition to their weaponized legs, some coreid species also possess sexually dimorphic abdominal tubercles, which are assumed to be sexually selected weapons. Still, much remains unknown about the morphology of these structures. Here, using the species Mictis longicornis Westwood, we investigate the frequency distribution and static allometry of abdominal thickness, a measure that includes tubercle length. Furthermore, we also investigate the morphological relationship between abdominal tubercles and weaponized hind legs. We find that male abdominal thickness is best explained by a bimodal distribution, thereby describing the first observed male polymorphism in the coreid clade; a phenomenon typically associated with alternative reproductive tactics. Additionally, we find that major males are characterized primarily by having large weaponized legs and abdominal tubercles, which further suggests that abdominal tubercles are used in male–male competition.     

The management of episiotomy technique and its effect on pelvic floor muscles during a malposition childbirth

Vaginal childbirth is the leading cause of pelvic floor muscles injury, which contributes to pelvic floor dysfunction, being enhanced by fetal malposition. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to verify the influence of mediolateral episiotomies in the mechanics of the pelvic floor with the fetus in occiput posterior position when compared to the occiput anterior position. Numerical simulations of vaginal deliveries, with and without episiotomy, are performed based on the Finite Element Method. The biomechanical model includes the pelvic floor muscles, a surface to delimit the anterior region of the birth canal and a fetus. Fetal malposition induces greater extension of the muscle compared to the normal position, leading to increases of stretch. The faster enlargement may be responsible for a prolonged second stage of labor. Regarding the force required to achieve delivery, the difference between the analyzed cases are 35 N, which might justify the increased need of surgical interventions. Furthermore, episiotomy is essential in reducing the damage to values near the ones obtained with normal position, making the fetal position irrelevant. These biomechanical models have become extremely useful tools to provide some understanding of pelvic floor function during delivery helping in the development of preventative strategies.