Temperature‐mediated survival,development and hatching variation of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus eggs

Laboratory‐validated data on the survival, development and hatching responses of fertilized Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus eggs from the northern Japan stock were determined through an incubation experiment. The optimum temperature for survival until hatching ranged from 4 to 8° C. No significant difference in development rates was found between the populations from Mutsu Bay, Japan, and western Canadian coastal waters even though the samples may belong to different G. macrocephalus stocks. Gadus macrocephalus larvae hatched asynchronously from egg batches despite incubation under the same environment during their development. Both incubation temperature and temperature‐mediated hatch rank affect size and yolk reserve. These data suggest that variations in water temperatures within an ecological range markedly influence the development rates, survival and hatching of the eggs, as well as the stage at hatch larvae of G. macrocephalus. Asynchronous hatching and the production of offspring with variable sizes and yolk reserves are considered evolutionary bet‐hedging strategies that enable the species to maximize their likelihood of survival in an environment with variable temperatures.     

Seasonal Abundance and Occurrence of the Asian Isopod Synidotea laevidorsalis in Delaware Bay, USA

In 1999 the marine isopod Synidotea laevidorsalis (Miers 1881), indigenous to the northwest Pacific, was first documented in Delaware Bay, USA. We monitored weekly recruitment of this isopod and several other motile species in the Maurice River, a tributary of Delaware Bay. A spatial survey was also conducted. Abundance of S. laevidorsalis varied seasonally but overwhelmingly dominated other co-occurring species by an order of magnitude or more throughout most of the year. Isopod abundance increased through the summer of 2004 and peaked in September, coincident with the passing of Hurricane Ivan. Field observations documented large populations, frequently associated with pilings and buoy lines, throughout Delaware Bay in salinities of 4 through 22 ppt. The dramatic abundance of this isopod indicates that there is considerable potential for altering community structure. This isopod has yet to be observed along the Atlantic Coast of New Jersey or in Chesapeake Bay, but it has been reported near Charleston, SC.     

A Public Sentiment Index for Ecosystem Management

Although ecosystem-based management can lead to sustainable resource use, its successful implementation depends on stakeholders’ acceptance. A framework to integrate scientific knowledge about the ecosystems with stakeholders’ preferences is therefore needed. We propose here a ‘Public Sentiment Index,’ or PSI, as an integration framework that combines an ecosystem model (Ecopath with Ecosim; EwE) with a public choice model (the damage schedule). Using Chesapeake Bay as a case study, we demonstrate the development of the PSI, based on judgments of Bay stakeholders, including ‘watermen’ (commercial fishers), seafood wholesalers and retailers, recreational fishers, representatives from non-governmental organizations, scientists and managers on a range of Bay ecosystems. The high PSI for Chesapeake Bay suggests a consensus amongst Bay stakeholders who, understanding the need for restoring the Bay ecosystem, may accept difficult policy choices and support their implementation.     

胶州湾潮间带大型底栖动物的群落生态

潮间带是沿岸带位于最大高潮水面到最小低潮水面之间的区域,处于陆海过渡带,生物资源非常丰富,也是受各种理化环境因子以及人类活动影响最大的区域。我国近年来对各地不同类型的潮间带进行了一些生态调查研究,包括对胶州湾也进行了数次生态调查,如劭晓阳等(2001)研究了浙江省岛     

Trophic structure and avian communities across a salinity gradient in evaporation ponds of the San Francisco Bay estuary

Commercial salt evaporation ponds comprise a large proportion of baylands adjacent to the San Francisco Bay, a highly urbanized estuary. In the past two centuries, more than 79% of the historic tidal wetlands in this estuary have been lost. Resource management agencies have acquired more than 10 000 ha of commercial salt ponds with plans to undertake one of the largest wetland restoration projects in North America. However, these plans have created debate about the ecological importance of salt ponds for migratory bird communities in western North America. Salt ponds are unique mesohaline (5–18 g l⁻¹) to hyperhaline (> 40 g l⁻¹) wetlands, but little is known of their ecological structure or value. Thus, we studied decommissioned salt ponds in the North Bay of the San Francisco Bay estuary from January 1999 through November 2001. We measured water quality parameters (salinity, DO, pH, temperature), nutrient concentrations, primary productivity, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds across a range of salinities from 24 to 264 g l⁻¹. Our studies documented how unique limnological characteristics of salt ponds were related to nutrient levels, primary productivity rates, invertebrate biomass and taxa richness, prey fish, and avian predator numbers. Salt ponds were shown to have unique trophic and physical attributes that supported large numbers of migratory birds. Therefore, managers should carefully weigh the benefits of increasing habitat for native tidal marsh species with the costs of losing these unique hypersaline systems.     

桑沟湾栉孔扇贝生物沉积的现场测定

运用沉积物捕集器于桑沟湾对栉孔扇贝 (Chlamysfarreri)的生物沉积进行了现场测定 ,以评价贝类养殖对近岸生态环境的影响。结果表明 :桑沟湾栉孔扇贝具有相当高的生物沉积速率。壳高 68 1～77 9mm、软体干重 2 75～ 3 91g的栉孔扇贝 ,其生物沉积速率为 0 93～ 6 97g ind·d,平均 3 99g ind·d ;而壳高 40 8～ 67 4mm、软体干重 0 5 9～ 1 85g的栉孔扇贝生物沉积速率的变化范围为 0 5 2～ 6 42g ind·d,平均为 2 3 8g ind·d ;另外 ,壳高为 2 5 8～ 2 8 3mm、软体干重 0 1 2～ 0 1 7g的栉孔扇贝 ,其生物沉积速率在2 0 0 2年的 1 1和 1 2月以及 2 0 0 3年的 1月分别为 0 74、1 1 1和 0 1 5g ind·d。在桑沟湾 ,影响栉孔扇贝生物沉积的主要因素包括水温、悬浮颗粒物、扇贝个体大小和年龄。高密度、大规模的近岸浅海贝类养殖所产生的大量生物沉积物可能会对海区的物理、化学和生物环境产生影响。     

Movements and growth of tagged young-of-the-year Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus L.) in restored and reference marsh creeks in Delaware Bay, USA

The residence time, movements, and growth of tagged young-of-the-year Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus L., were studied from July to October 1998 as measures of the success of a marsh restoration project adjacent to Delaware Bay. A total of 8173 croaker (41-121 mm SL) were tagged from each of two creeks in both marshes during July and August with internal sequential coded wire microtags. A prior tag-retention study in the laboratory found a 95% tag retention rate. Of those tagged, 3.6% were recaptured within and nearby the study creeks using seines, otter trawls, and weirs during a 105-day period. Recapture percentages ranged from 1.5% to 6.1% in individual creeks in the restored marsh. There was some movement of tagged fish between creeks in the restored marsh and out into the main creek, but 95% of the recaptures were made in the subtidal and intertidal portions of the same creek in which they were tagged. Fewer fish were recaptured at the reference marsh (1.6% recapture; n=1489 tagged) up to 50 days after tagging, with no evidence of movement between creeks. The average individual growth rates for recaptured croaker was the same in both restored (0.69 mm/day) and reference (0.63 mm/day) marshes before egress from the creeks in September and October. As a result, both created creeks in a restored marsh and natural creeks in a reference marsh appeared to be utilized as young-of-the-year habitat in a similar way during the summer and until egress out of the marshes during the fall, thus this restoration effort has been successful in creating suitable habitat for Atlantic croaker.     

2000～2001年柘林湾浮游动物的群落结构及时空分布

20 0 0年 7月至 2 0 0 0 1年 7月的周年调查结果表明 ,粤东柘林湾浮游动物有桡足类 2 9属 5 7种 ,枝角类 3属 3种 ,及端足类、磷虾、糠虾、多毛类、毛颚类、被囊类、水母和各种浮游幼体。其中 ,强额拟哲水蚤 Paracalanuscrassirostris、短角长腹剑水蚤 Oithona brevicornis和鸟喙尖头 Penilia avirostris为优势种 ,合计占浮游动物总个体数的 6 2 .7%。浮游动物的种类数、生物量和总个体数都表现为湾外大于湾内的平面分布格局 ,周年变化基本上为单峰型 ,高峰期位于 6～ 1 0月份 ,最低谷位于冬季 1月份。因此 ,总个体数与水温成显著正相关关系。柘林湾是一个浮游动物相对丰富的海湾 ,年均生物量为 1 1 5 .7mg· dw / m3 ,总个体数达 6 .8× 1 0 3 ind/ m3 ,但群落结构的小型化趋势比较明显。回归分析结果表明 ,浮游动物总个体数与浮游植物密度成显著正相关关系。     

2000～2001年柘林湾浮游植物群落结构及数量变动的周年调查

2000年5月－2001年5月对粤东赤潮重灾区柘林湾者的浮游植物周年调查表明,柘林湾共有浮游植物54属153种。其中硅藻为优势类群,共37属114种,占总种数的74.51%;甲藻15属36种;其它2属3种。浮游植物种数和丰度的平面分布表现为弯内低于湾外,东部低于西部的基本格局,季节波动模式则为单峰型,全年数量最高峰位于盛夏7月份。中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）为该湾的全年优势种,在群落总细胞数中的百分比年平均高达58.7%。通过对水温、营养盐、浮激植物群落的多样性指数和均匀度以及中肋骨务藻的种群密度等相互之间的回归分析,并考虑增养殖渔业等因素,发现柘林湾因大规模增养殖渔业和高强度的排污排废引志的富营养化已在很大程度上改变了该湾浮游植物的群落结构及时空分布,使生物多样性与均匀度明显下降,中肋骨条藻等少数种类则大量增殖,硅藻赤潮,尤其是中肋骨条藻赤潮的发生机会明显增多,但发生甲藻赤潮的可能性较小。     

Alexandrium camurascutulum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): a new dinoflagellate species from New Zealand

A new species, Alexandrium camurascutulum sp. nov. MacKenzie et Todd, is described from specimens collected from Tasman Bay and the Marlborough Sounds New Zealand. These small (26–28 μm long × 21–24 μm wide) cells can be discriminated from other species in the Alexandrium minutum group by three distinctive morphological features. The sixth pre-cingular plate (6′′) is up to 1.6 times wider than high and the left side of the plate is concave resulting in a markedly ‘hooked’ appearance. In all specimens observed, the first apical plate (1′) does not directly connect with the apical pore plate (Po) and the posterior sulcal plate (S.p.) is markedly different from the usual A. minutum form and may contain a posterior attachment pore (pap) connected to the right side plate margin. The cells may or may not have an anterior attachment pore (aap) in the apical pore plate (Po). The cells display a prominent list along the left sulcal margin and the thecal surface is perforated with numerous areolated pores. A. camurascutulum sp. nov. has been observed occasionally over a number of years in coastal waters of the northern South Island of New Zealand. There is circumstantial evidence that suggests it is not toxic.