不同品种花椒生物碱含量测定及光谱学特性分析

建立了一种酸碱滴定法有效的生物碱定量测定方法,并比较测定了花椒的两个品种花椒和青花椒中生物碱的含量。对生物碱提取液在紫外扫描图谱的基础上分析了花椒和青花椒生物碱的差异,有望将此紫外图谱应用到不同品种花椒生物碱的指纹图谱上。     

Chemical and anti-platelet constituents from Formosan Zanthoxylum simulans

A pyrrole alkaloid, pyrrolezanthine [5-hydroxymethyl-1-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde]; a lignan, (-)-simulanol [4- [3-hydroxymethyl-5-((E)-3-hydroxypropenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-yl]-2,6-dimethoxy-phenol] and a monocyclic gamma-pyrone, zanthopyranone [3,5-dimethoxy-2-methyl-pyran-4-one], together with 28 known compounds were isolated from the stem wood of Formosan Zanthoxylum simulans. Their structures were determined through spectral analyses. Among the isolates, 11 compounds showed anti-platelet aggregation activity in vitro.     

Distribution of unsaturated aliphatic acid amides in japanese Zanthoxylum species

Seven species and two varieties of Zanthoxylum in Japan were investigated for unsaturated aliphatic acid amides. In addition to the known amides α-sanshoöl, γ-sanshoöl and hydroxy-γ-sanshoöl, a new compound, hydroxy-α-sanshoöl, was isolated and established by chemical and spectroscopic evidence. The compounds, corresponding to hydroxyl derivatives of the amides in the barks, commonly existed in the pericarps of all collected materials. Japanese Zanthoxylum species were divided chemotaxonomically into two taxa. These taxa ditter from the two assigned on the basis of botanical classification.     

Soil moisture redistribution as a mechanism of facilitation in savanna tree–shrub clusters

Plant–soil water relations were examined in the context of a selective removal study conducted in tree–shrub communities occupying different but contiguous soil types (small discrete clusters on shallow, duplex soils versus larger, extensive groves on deep, sandy soils) in a subtropical savanna parkland. We (1) tested for the occurrence of soil moisture redistribution by hydraulic lift (HL), (2) determined the influence of edaphic factors on HL, and (3) evaluated the significance of HL for overstory tree–understory shrub interactions. Diel cycling and nocturnal increases in soil water potential (Ψ_soil), characteristic signatures of HL, occurred intermittently throughout an annual growth cycle in both communities over a range of moisture levels (Ψ_soil=−0.5 to −6.0 MPa) but only when soils were distinctly stratified with depth (dry surface/wet deep soil layers). The magnitude of mean (±SE) diel fluctuations in Ψ_soil (0.19±0.01 MPa) did not differ on the two community types, though HL occurred more frequently in groves (deep soils) than clusters (shallow soils). Selective removal of either Prosopis glandulosa overstory or mixed-species shrub understory reduced the frequency of HL, indicating that Prosopis and at least one other woody species was conducting HL. For Zanthoxylum fagara, a shallow-rooted understory shrub, Prosopis removal from clusters decreased leaf water potential (Ψ_leaf) and net CO₂ exchange (A) during periods of HL. In contrast, overstory removal had neutral to positive effects on more deeply-rooted shrub species (Berberis trifoliolata and Condalia hookeri). Removal of the shrub understory in groves increased A in the overstory Prosopis. Results indicate the following: (a) HL is common but temporally dynamic in these savanna tree–shrub communities; (b) edaphic factors influencing the degree of overstory/understory development, rooting patterns and soil moisture distribution influence HL; (c) net interactions between overstory and understory elements in these woody patches can be positive, negative and neutral over an annual cycle, and (d) Prosopis-mediated HL is an important mechanism of faciliation for some, but not all, understory shrubs.     

Anticancer properties and enhancement of therapeutic potential of cisplatin by leaf extract of Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

Background

Clinical use of chemotherapeutic drug, cisplatin is limited by its toxicity and drug resistance. Therefore, efforts continue for the discovery of novel combination therapies with cisplatin, to increase efficacy and reduce its toxicity. Here, we screened 16 medicinal plant extracts from Northeast part of India and found that leaf extract of Zanthoxylumarmatum DC. (ZALE) induced cytotoxicity as well as an effect on the increasing of the efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs (cisplatin, mitomycin C and camptothecin). This work shows detail molecular mechanism of anti-cancer activity of ZALE and its potential for combined treatment regimens to enhance the apoptotic response of chemotherapeutic drugs.

Results

ZALE induced cytotoxicity, nuclear blebbing and DNA fragmentation in HeLA cells suggesting apoptosis induction in human cervical cell line. However, the apoptosis induced was independent of caspase 3 activation and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Further, ZALE activated Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway as revealed by increased phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK), p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Inhibition of ERK activation but not p38 or JNK completely blocked the ZALE induced apoptosis suggesting an ERK dependent apoptosis. Moreover, ZALE generated DNA double strand breaks as suggested by the induction γH2AX foci formation. Interestingly, pretreatment of certain cancer cell lines with ZALE, sensitized the cancer cells to cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic drugs. Enhanced caspase activation was observed in the synergistic interaction among chemotherapeutic drugs and ZALE.

Conclusion

Purification and identification of the bio-active molecules from the ZALE or as a complementary treatment for a sequential treatment of ZALE with chemotherapeutic drugs might be a new challenger to open a new therapeutic window for the novel anti-cancer treatment.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40659-015-0037-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Medium composition and methyl jasmonate influence the amount and spectrum of secondary metabolites in callus cultures of Zanthoxylum stenophyllum Hemsl.

Callus cultures of Zanthoxylum stenophyllum were initiated in vitro and the effect of growth regulators and elicitors was tested both upon callus growth and secondary metabolite production. On a medium containing naphthaleneacetic acid, kinetin, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a yellowish and friable callus was obtained from 90% of cotyledon explants. Callus growth and secondary metabolite accumulation was followed after sub-culturing the established callus culture on different media containing various hormonal combinations. Results indicate that medium containing naphthaleneacetic acid and a higher concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid gave the highest stimulation of growth. Addition of an organic nitrogen source also had a positive effect on growth. Rapid HPLC screening of methanol extractable secondary metabolites from calluses showed that phytohormones and nutrients were able to modify the chromatographic pattern of compounds. Calluses grown on the medium giving the highest stimulation of growth show a reduced accumulation of some secondary products, but not all. In response to elicitation by methyl jasmonate, metabolite production was different for the different classes of compounds, and hormonal composition of the culture medium influenced the response. Thus, results confirm the importance of the reciprocal interactions between hormones, nutrients, and elicitors when attempts are made to enhance secondary metabolite accumulation in in vitro cultures.     

花椒精油研究进展

花椒在我国栽培面积大,产量高。近年来研究发现花椒精油具有多种药理作用和临床功能,现就20年来花椒精油的提取方法、化学组分和药理作用等研究作一综述。     

Two dimeric lignans with an unusual α,β-unsaturated ketone motif from Zanthoxylum podocarpum and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production

Two new dimeric lignans, zanthpodocarpins A (1) and B (2), and five known lignans, eudesmin (3), (1R,2R,5R,6S)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane (4), dimethoxysamin (5), rel-(1R,5R,6S)-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-2-one (6), and magnone A (7), were isolated from the barks of Zanthoxylum podocarpum. Their structures were identified by using spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1 and 2 are rare dilignans bearing an unusual α,β-unsaturated ketone group from a natural source. Bioassay showed that compounds 1 and 2 could inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with IC₅₀ values of 5.31 μM and 12.15 μM, respectively.     

小花花椒化学成分研究

小花花椒(Zanthoxylum micranthum Hemsl.)系芸香科花椒属植物,主要分布于我国南部的云南、贵州、四川、湖北和湖南等省。我们在进行湖北省药用植物研究时,对此植物进行了化学成分的研究。由其根皮的乙醇提取物中分得三种化合物。经鉴定,晶Ⅰ为α-别隐品碱(α-allocryptopine);晶Ⅱ为花椒碱Ⅱ(FagarinⅡ);晶Ⅲ为     

花椒园节肢动物群落特征与气象因子的关系

分析了云南永善县金沙江畔花椒园节肢动物群落特征与园内最低温度、平均温度、最高温度、最低湿度、平均湿度、最高湿度及月降雨量等7个气象因子的关系。结果表明:节肢动物群落个体数、物种数受最低湿度变化影响最大,表现为正相关的变化趋势;群落多样性、均匀度、丰富度指数变化与最高温度、最高湿度变化的关联度较大,表明节肢动物群落在相对较高的温、湿度环境下具有更高的群落多样性、丰富度及均匀度;优势集中性及优势度指数变化与最高温度、最低湿度变化的关联度较大,表明优势种类在高温或低湿环境下更易出现;稳定性S_s/S_i、S_n/S_p指数与平均湿度的关联度较大,表明适度的湿度变化范围更利于增强群落物种间数量上的制约作用。降雨量对群落特征的影响最小,在月均降雨量小于99.3 mm的3-6月、9月-翌年2月,节肢动物群落特征指标与降雨量成正相关关系,7、8月份月均降雨量大于164.5 mm,群落特征与降雨量表现为负相关性。综合分析表明,气象因子对节肢动物群落特征的影响较大,而温、湿度及降雨量的测量和分析较为方便,研究气象因子与节肢动物群落特征的关系,对了解节肢动物群落特征变化规律和主要害虫种群数量的发生规律具有实际意义。