Numerical phytosociology of the subalpine belt of the Kazbegi region,Caucasus, USSR

A vegetational transect across a glacial valley was investigated. Structure and species composition, as well as influence of disturbance by biotic factors (grazing of sheep and cattle) and abiotic factors (topography, wind, water) are discussed.According to species composition and community structure, 4 main vegetation types were distinguished by comparing field data from phytosociological relevés with results of numerical treatments (3 methods of numerical classification and DCA ordination): 1) Chamaesciadium acaule-Polygonum viviparum, 2) Festuca cf. woronowii-Carex tristis, 3) Veratrum lobelianum-Taraxacum stevenii and 4) Rhododendron caucasicum-Vaccinium myrtillus communities.Species diversity (evenness, and number of species) was low in the ungrazed dwarf-shrub alpine communities, which were dominated by Rhododendron caucasicum, in comparison with the grazed meadow. The highest values of these characteristics were found in the transitions among the types.     

元谋干热河谷植被的类型研究 Ⅰ.群丛以上单位

本文主要用法瑞植物社会学学派的方法对元谋干热河谷植被的群丛以上单位进行划分和研究。经分析,确定了从群目(order)到群丛(association)的一个分类等级系统。整个河谷区的植被可以归入到扭黄茅、坡柳群目(Dodonaeo-Heteropogonetalia contorti)中,下面再分出两个群属(alliance)和九个群丛。经使用模糊聚类分析数学方法验证,分类基本合理。 经研究表明元谋干热河谷1600米以下地区的气候及植被特点与热带的稀树草原(savanna)十分相似,可以称为半自然稀树草原或次生性稀树草原(semi-natural savanna or secondarysavanna)。     

元谋干热河谷植物区系研究

元谋是我国著名的干热河谷之一。在元谋干热河谷1600米以下的山坡上主要分布着稀树灌草丛植被。经研究计有种子植物78科、266属、399种,其中绝大部分为草本和灌木种类。从种子植物的地理成分分析这里的区系成分带有明显的热带性质,其中出现在元谋的热带属占属总数(不包括世界分布属)的72.3％,温带分布属占26.4％,中国特有分布属占1.3％。这里的区系成分除了与其所处的滇中高原邻近地区关系很密切外,与印度等地的稀树草原也有联系,表现出了区系成分的古老联系和稀树草原植被的残余性。     

The food habits of an herbivorous fish (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.) in Lake Awasa,Ethiopia

The natural food ofOreochromis niloticus in Lake Awasa was studied from the stomach contents of 10 fish measuring 18–32 cm (standard length) monthly from August 1984 to April 1986.Chroococcus, Oscillatoria andBotryococcus were found to be important food items in the diet. Animal foods were observed on rare occasions and these were mainly Rotifera. Blue-green algae as a group contribute about 28.1% of the ash free dry weight (AFDW) whereas diatoms and green algae (excludingBotryococcus) make 2.31% and 2.39% of AFDW, respectively.Botryococcus, detritus and other algae comprised 67.2% of AFDW and it was suspected that more than half of this was contributed byBotryococcus. Blue-green algae, which were especially abundant in the diet during the dry season, November–February, are nutritionally most important. Seasonal variation in algal species composition could influence the quality of food ingested by the fish.     

中梁山岩溶槽谷区荒草地土壤微生物群落对隧道建设的响应

隧道工程建设给地方交通和经济发展带来便利的同时,也造成地下水漏失和地下水文流场改变,可能引起土壤微环境和土壤微生物群落的改变,进而严重影响上覆区域生态系统平衡。以重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷为例,选取隧道影响区和无隧道影响区典型荒草地,通过16S rDNA高通量测序对比微生物群落结构差异,研究微生物群落多样性对土壤pH、含水率和土壤养分变化的响应。结果表明：隧道影响区Alpha多样性反映的土壤微生物总丰度和多样性大于无隧道影响区,Beta多样性反映的土壤微生物群落结构存在显著差异;Wilcoxon检验说明norank_o__iii1-15、norank_c__Gemmatimonadetes、norank_o__MND1是隧道影响区土壤中显著增加的微生物物种,其相对丰度为无隧道影响区土壤的2倍以上;RDA分析表明土壤pH和含水率是驱动土壤微生物群落结构变化的主要因素。隧道建设使其影响区内土壤水分垂直漏失比无隧道影响区更严重,土壤含水率下降,导致pH上升、土壤养分下降,利于土壤中norank_o__iii1-15、norank_c__Gemmatimonadetes、norank_o__MND1等适应低含水率、高pH、贫营养环境的优势菌群生长繁殖。     

干热河谷车桑子光合生理特性对氮磷添加的响应

氮磷养分是限制干热河谷植物生长的重要元素,不同土壤上植物受到的养分限制类型不同。光合作用作为植物生长发育的基础,不同土壤上氮磷养分添加对干热河谷植物光合生理特征的影响还没有报道。因此,以干热河谷优势植物——车桑子为研究对象,在元谋县不同海拔处采集土壤,设置加氮（+N）、加磷（+P）、氮磷同时添加（+NP）和不添加（CK）四个处理,研究车桑子光合响应曲线、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光特性对氮、磷添加的响应规律,并探讨光合响应特征与车桑子生长的关系：研究结果显示：1）不同海拔土壤上,车桑子光合生理特性对氮磷添加具有不同的响应。在低海拔燥红土上,氮添加处理（+N和+NP）提高了车桑子净光合速率、叶绿素含量和PSII活性;中海拔紫色土上,+NP促进了车桑子光合速率和叶绿素含量的提高;高海拔黄棕壤上,+N处理降低了车桑子净光合速率和PSII活性,而磷添加处理（+P和+NP）提高了车桑子净光合速率。2）车桑子光合特性对养分添加的响应取决于土壤的养分限制类型,限制性养分添加可以提高车桑子的净光合速率。3）燥红土上+P以及黄棕壤上+N对PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）的降低更大程度上归于可变荧光Fv的减少而不是最小荧光F₀的增加,可减少养分限制对光系统II造成的伤害。4）三种土壤类型上车桑子的叶绿素含量和组成差异极显著,相比于燥红土和紫色土,黄棕壤上车桑子的叶绿素含量显著更高,而叶绿素a/b显著更低。综上,本研究结果表明,车桑子光合能力受到氮和磷的共同调节,不同土壤上光合生理特性的响应可增强植物对限制性养分的适应性,影响植物生长发育。     

Linking fish trait responses to in‐stream habitat in reconstructed valley‐plugged stream reaches of the Coastal Plain,U.S.A.

Valley‐plug formation is a challenging consequence of stream channelization especially in physiographic regions with highly erodible soils. Upstream channel degradation and incision results in accelerated sediment delivery processes wherein downstream aggradation decreases stream power and creates sand‐clogged channels. Channel reconstruction is now meeting hydrogeomorphic goals related to valley‐plug remediation, yet there exists a need to understand how this practice also facilitates ecological restoration. We evaluated fish trait response to in‐stream habitat conditions in channelized, recently restored, and “least‐disturbed” reference reaches of Coastal Plain streams in West Tennessee. Restored reaches were ecologically similar to channelized reaches, having higher proportions of nest‐guarding omnivores that were correlated with higher percentages of pool habitats and lower wetted width:depth ratios compared to reference reaches. Reference reaches had higher proportions of fast‐water dwelling and specialized insectivores that were correlated with high abundance of large woody debris, high‐wetted width:depth ratios, and low percentages of pool habitats. We conclude that in‐stream habitats in reconstructed channels have yet to promote reach‐scale ecological restoration relative to fish assemblage organization because trait‐habitat associations were not similar to reference conditions. However, our results lend to the development of ecological restoration targets that can be incorporated in future channel reconstruction projects in valley‐plugged, channelized streams of the Coastal Plain.     

金沙江干热河谷地区麻疯树单粒种子核糖体失活蛋白含量及其与种子性状的相关性

对金沙江干热河谷地区麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)种子中具有抗肿瘤活性的核糖体失活蛋白curcin含量及其生物学性状进行研究。结果表明,用酶联免疫吸附法测定麻疯树单颗种子的curcin含量为0.275～3.183 mg g-1,平均(1.369±0.055)mg g-1。Pearson相关性分析表明:单粒麻疯树种子的curcin含量与种子其他性状的相关性均未达显著水平,但与种子质量、种仁质量及含油量存在一定程度的负相关,而与出仁率和可溶性蛋白含量存在一定的正相关,且与可溶性蛋白含量的正相关系数(0.190)和与含油率的负相关系数(–0.177)较高。这表明可在金沙江干热河谷地区开展高curcin含量麻疯树种质资源收集和选育工作,以及培育高含油量、高curcin含量的双高品种,以提高麻疯树生物燃油产业的综合效益。