雅鲁藏布江山南宽谷风沙化土地土壤养分和粒度特征

在雅鲁藏布江山南宽谷区,选择流动沙地、平缓沙砾地、半固定沙地、固定沙地和覆沙河滩地等类型样地,研究了不同深度(0—10 cm、10—20 cm和20—40 cm)土壤层的养分状况和粒度特征,探讨了风沙运动对土壤粒度组成和养分含量的影响。结果表明:1)风沙化土地土壤pH值呈中性、碱性和强碱性,土壤有机质和全氮含量均很低,但全磷和全钾均很高。土壤粒度组成表现为砂粒含量(53.83%—95.93%)>粉粒(3.3%—40.5%)>粘粒(0.77%—5.68%)。2)粘粒和粉粒含量均以覆沙河滩地(分别为4.02%和27.95%)最大、半固定沙地(分别为1.35%和5.27%)最小。粘粒含量表现为覆沙河滩地>固定沙地(2.98%)>河滩流动沙地(2.89%)>平缓沙砾地(1.69%)>河岸流动沙地(1.54%)>山坡流动沙地(1.49%)>半固定沙地。不同类型沙地粉粒含量的大小顺序与粘粒含量相似,仅在山坡流动沙地和河岸流动沙地的大小顺序有所差别。砂粒含量以半固定沙地(为93.40%)最大、覆沙河滩地最小(68.05%)。不同类型沙地的砂粒含量与粉粒含量的大小顺序正好相反。3)土壤养分含量与粘粒、粉粒、极细砂粒和细砂粒等细沙物质的相关性较强,与中砂粒、粗砂粒和极粗砂粒等粗沙物质呈负相关或相关性较弱。其中,粘粒和极细砂粒含量的增加对土壤养分的增加贡献较大。流动沙丘随风沙运动而不断往复摆动的现象和土壤细颗粒的迁移和损失,对不同类型沙地和沙丘部位的土壤养分状况及其再分配过程产生较大影响。     

干热河谷区不同坡位土壤水分对降雨的响应特征

研究干热河谷地区土壤水分在降雨过程中的短时动态变化,有助于揭示该地区的土壤水文功能。本研究选取贵州花江干热河谷作为研究区,运用原位监测法,获取不同坡位的高频土壤水分监测数据,分析土壤水分对降雨的短时动态响应特征。结果表明: 在整个监测期间,无论是坡上还是坡中,研究区各层土壤水分均为中等变异水平(15.2%≤变异系数CV≤29.7%),坡上土壤水分的波动幅度(CV=21.1%)大于坡中(CV=19.1%),0～5 cm土层(CV=26.2%)大于20～40 cm土层(CV=16.5%)。与坡中相比,坡上土壤水分对降雨的响应速度更快,降雨对土壤水分的补给量大、补给速率快;坡上的土壤水分补给速率与消退速率之差(2.3%·h^-1)大于坡中(1.8%·h^-1)。随土层深度增加,下层土壤水分对降雨的响应早于或同步于上层,降雨对土壤水分的补给量减少、补给速率减慢,土壤水分的消退速率也减慢。与坡中相比,坡上土壤水分入渗能力更强,保水能力更优。干热河谷的微观环境和小气候影响土壤水分对降雨的响应特征,而岩-土界面优先流的快速补给则会加快下层土壤水分对降雨的响应速度,使得该地区的坡面更容易形成混合产流机制。     

岷江干旱河谷主要灌丛类型地上生物量研究

灌丛是岷江干旱河谷主要的植被类型,也是该区相对稳定的生态系统类型。基于岷江干旱河谷主要灌丛大量的样地调查和实验,研究了其地上生物量及分布规律。结果表明:(1)该地区的9个灌丛的地上生物量存在较大差异,对节刺灌丛的地上生物量最大,达11554.2kg·hm-2,其次是子栎灌丛和绣线菊灌丛,分别为7144.7kg·hm-2和7213.1kg·hm-2,而滇紫草灌丛的平均地上生物量最小,仅为1407.2kg·hm-2,其余类型介于它们之间,导致这一结果的原因很多,如群落的优势种、物种组成、海拔、坡向、土壤水分等等;(2)灌丛地上生物量都随海拔升高而增加,并呈现出良好的相关性。(3)干旱河谷中土壤水分也随着海拔升高而增加。在干旱河谷过渡区,灌丛地上生物量与土壤水分间呈现很好的相关性;但是,在其核心区,灌丛地上生物量与土壤水分之间的相关性反而不显著。这主要是由于在干旱河谷的低海拔地区,"焚风"作用相对较强,其土壤水分条件较差,灌丛的生长受到抑制,随着海拔的升高,"焚风"作用不断降低,土壤水分条件逐步得到改善,灌丛的生长状况较好。而在干旱河谷核心区内"焚风"作用较强,其影响的海拔范围更大,因而,导致土壤水分非常低。由此可见,土壤水分是干旱河谷灌丛植被生长的主要限制因素。此外,低海拔地区灌丛植被受人类干扰活动的频     

Unexpected consequences of polyandry for parasitism and fitness in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris

Multiple mating by females (polyandry) is taxonomically widespread but the evolution of such behaviors is not clearly understood given potential costs of polyandry such as time, energy, or predation risk. The genetic variability versus parasites hypothesis predicts a reduction of parasitism due to increased genetic variability among offspring and an associated fitness gain. We tested this hypothesis with a field experiment in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L. Worker heterogeneity within the colony was experimentally altered by artificially inseminating queens with sperm from one male, four brothers, two males, or four unrelated males. We found genetic variability to be effective, because intensity and prevalence of the most common parasite, Crithidia bombi, a trypanosome, decreased with increasing levels of colony heterogeneity. Fitness differed between treatments but did not increase in a simple way, with increasing genetic heterogeneity among colony workers. Instead, fitness followed a U-shaped function with a minimum for small amounts of genetic heterogeneity. We therefore suggest that polyandry also induces a cost, perhaps as a result of the social structure within the colony. In evolutionary terms, singly mated females appear to be constrained by an adaptive valley that needs to be crossed before high degrees of mating frequency can be reached. This may help to explain why B. terrestris and most other social insects are often monandrous.     

Repelling properties of some plant materials on the tick Ixodes ricinus L.

The repellent effects on nymphal stages of Ixodes ricinus L. of some plant materials have been studied in the laboratory. The plant material consisted of an ethanolic extract from Achillea millefolium L., and volatile oils of birch and/or pine tar, citronella, cloves, eucalyptus, geranium, lavender, lily of the valley and peppermint. The most pronounced effects were observed for the oils of citronella, cloves and lily of the valley. They possessed repelling activities of the same magnitude as the reference repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide). Some major constituents of these oils, e.g. citronellol and geraniol (oil of citronella and lily of the valley) and eugenol (oil of cloves) showed pronounced repelling effects. This was also the case for phenethyl alcohol, a minor component in the oil from lily of the valley.     

The influence of masticatory loading on craniofacial morphology: A test case across technological transitions in the Ohio valley

Masticatory loading is one of the main environmental stimuli that generate craniofacial variation among recent humans. Experimental studies on a wide variety of mammals, including those with retrognathic postcanine teeth, predict that responses to masticatory loading will be greater in the occlusal plane, the inferior rostrum, and regions associated with the attachments of the temporalis and masseter muscles. Here we test these experimentally‐derived predictions on an extinct human population from the middle and upper Ohio valley that underwent a marked shift from hunting‐gathering to extensive farming during the last 3,000 years and for which we have good archaeological evidence about diet and food processing technology. Geometric morphometric methods were used to detect and measure the putative effect of diet changes on cranial shape independent of size. Our results partially confirm only some of the experimental predictions. The effect of softer and/or less tough diets on craniofacial shape seem to be concentrated in the relative reduction of the temporal fossa and in a displacement of the attachment of the temporal muscle. However, there were few differences in craniofacial shape in regions closer to the occlusal plane. These results highlight the utility of exploring specific localized morphological shifts using a hierarchical model of craniofacial integration. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

喀斯特槽谷区土壤侵蚀时空演变及未来情景模拟

以中国南方喀斯特槽谷区为研究对象,基于改进的喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀算法,定量分析了槽谷区土壤侵蚀时空演变特征,并利用CA-Markov模型对土壤侵蚀状况的未来情景进行预测。结果表明:(1)喀斯特槽谷区2000—2015年土壤侵蚀总量由61.86×10~7 t/a减少至2.97×10~7 t/a,区域年平均侵蚀模数由21.61 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)降低至1.04 t hm~(-2) a~(-1),轻度及轻度以下侵蚀等级的面积增加了76.13×10~5 hm~2,重度及重度以上侵蚀面积减少了46.90×10~5 hm~2,侵蚀状况明显减轻;(2)不同地貌类型之间的土壤侵蚀状况存在一定差异,平原地区侵蚀模数最小,盆地地区侵蚀模数最大,达到平原地区侵蚀模数的近4倍;(3) 2000—2015年间,槽谷区轻度及轻度以上侵蚀等级都逐渐向微度侵蚀等级转移,土壤侵蚀等级由高等级向低等级转移率达到了98%以上,总体呈现出好转的趋势;(4)基于CA-Markov模型模拟槽谷区2020年土壤侵蚀等级的未来演变趋势,其总体Kappa系数达到了0.9788,一致性最佳;(5)到2020年,槽谷区土壤侵蚀等级基本为微度和轻度侵蚀,土壤侵蚀状况将进一步改善。本研究的结果可为喀斯特槽谷区当前土壤侵蚀治理成效的评价以及未来的防治提供理论和数据方面的参考。     

干热河谷区泥石流滩地不同景观类型土壤与微生物量C、N、P生态化学计量特征

生态化学计量是研究生态系统元素平衡与评价地球化学循环的重要方法,明确泥石流滩地不同景观类型下植物群落与土壤和微生物化学计量特征对揭示泥石流滩脆弱生态系统的物种营建机制与植被生态修复具重要意义。选择泥石流滩地设置撂荒耕地、荒滩地、无水溪沟和有水溪沟4种景观类型,调查其物种组成、植物群落特征以及土壤和微生物量碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及其生态化学计量特征,探讨了泥石流滩地植被分布规律,并通过多样性指数、冗余分析和单因素方差分析等方法对植物群落和土壤因子进行比较分析。研究结果表明：(1)物种数在4种景观类型中表现为荒滩地>无水溪沟>撂荒耕地>有水溪沟,Margalef丰富度指数表现为无水溪沟>荒滩地>撂荒耕地>有水溪沟,Simpson优势度指数表现为撂荒耕地>有水溪沟>无水溪沟>荒滩地,且有水溪沟的植物群落密度、平均高度、盖度以及地上生物量均显著高于其它景观类型。(2)有水溪沟土壤N、P含量显著高于其他景观类型土壤;撂荒耕地土壤C含量最少,显著低于其他景观类型土壤;土壤C∶N、C∶P表现为荒滩地>无水溪沟>有水溪沟>撂...     

1980-2011年川东平行岭谷区农田土壤有机碳动态

选取重庆市垫江县为川东平行岭谷的典型区,使用1980第二次土壤普查和2011年实测土壤数据,基于土壤类型,运用通用SOC密度/储量计算法和逐步回归分析,对研究区1980—2011年0—20 cm农田SOC动态和动因进行分析,结果表明:(1)1980—2011年农田0—20 cm土层SOC密度/储量总体表现为略有增加态势,单位面积碳增量2307.63 kg C/hm2,碳增汇235945.83 t,增幅为10.74%,年均增长速率为72.11 kg C hm-2a-1;(2)丢碳、固碳和相对平衡面积比37.61∶49.03∶13.36,总体呈西部、西北部高于南部、东南部,更高于东北部和西南部的格局;(3)宏观上1980—2011年农田0—20 cm土层SOC密度/储量变化与土壤类型的分布及利用有很大关系,尤其是黄壤和紫色土在相异的质地本底和不同的扰动下,展现出相反的碳汇/源状态;(4)微观上SOC密度年均变化速率影响最大的因素是SOC密度初始值全N密度C/N比,且全N密度和C/N比拥有正向影响,SOC密度初始值则相反;⑸结果为川东平行岭谷区借助施加适当投入和合适的耕作与管理实践,有效管理农田表层SOC库提供科学依据。