多重压力下重点生态功能区农户生计脆弱性——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

农户作为农村社会中最小的生计单元,面临着多重压力的冲击,这些压力不仅加剧了重点生态功能区农户的生计脆弱性,更威胁到该区生态服务功能的提升,当前亟需准确评估多重压力下农户的生计脆弱性,为制定可持续的生计政策提供借鉴。以甘南黄河水源补给区为例,利用入户调查数据,评估了多重压力下农户的生计脆弱性,分析了多重压力下农户生计脆弱性的形成过程。结果发现：（1）家人患病、子女学费开支高和自然灾害三种生计压力对甘南黄河水源补给区农户生计的影响最为剧烈,经济压力是该区农户面临最频繁的压力类型,但自然压力对该区农户的生计脆弱性影响最大;（2）经济示范区农户的生计敏感性最高,重点保护区农户的适应能力最低;（3）重点保护区农户的生计脆弱性最高,经济示范区次之,恢复治理区最低,自然压力冲击下农户的生计脆弱性最高;（4）不同类型的生计压力影响农户生计脆弱性的路径不同,自然压力通过影响自然资源依赖度与自然资本、社会压力通过影响饮水条件与社会资本、经济压力通过影响家庭抚养比与金融资本来影响生计脆弱性,生计压力之间的交互作用会增强农户的生计脆弱性。     

Variation in the phenology of photosynthesis among eastern white pine provenances in response to warming

In higher‐latitude trees, temperature and photoperiod control the beginning and end of the photosynthetically active season. Elevated temperature (ET) has advanced spring warming and delayed autumn cooling while photoperiod remains unchanged. We assessed the effects of warming on the length of the photosynthetically active season of three provenances of Pinus strobus L. seedlings from different latitudes, and evaluated the accuracy of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI) for tracking the predicted variation in spring and autumn phenology of photosynthesis among provenances. Seedlings from northern, local and southern P. strobus provenances were planted in a temperature‐free‐air‐controlled enhancement (T‐FACE) experiment and exposed to ET (+1.5/3°C; day/night). Over 18 months, we assessed photosynthetic phenology by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, leaf spectral reflectance and pigment content. During autumn, all seedlings regardless of provenance followed the same sequence of phenological events with the initial downregulation of photosynthesis, followed by the modulation of non‐photochemical quenching and associated adjustments of zeaxanthin pool sizes. However, the timing of autumn downregulation differed between provenances, with delayed onset in the southern provenance (SP) and earlier onset in the northern relative to the local provenance, indicating that photoperiod at the provenance origin is a dominant factor controlling autumn phenology. Experimental warming further delayed the downregulation of photosynthesis during autumn in the SP. A provenance effect during spring was also observed but was generally not significant. The vegetation indices PRI and CCI were both effective at tracking the seasonal variations of energy partitioning in needles and the differences of carotenoid pigments indicative of the stress status of needles. These results demonstrate that PRI and CCI can be useful tools for monitoring conifer phenology and for the remote monitoring of the length of the photosynthetically active season of conifers in a changing climate.     

Intracellular and extracellular labeling of neurons in fresh slice preparations combined with multiple tract tracing

We describe methods for studying axo-dendritic projections, one of the forms of neural connection involved in the complex circuits of the central nervous system, including brainstem auditory pathways. This form of neural connection is often difficult to visualize by conventional tract tracing techniques. Retrogradely identified cells were filled intracellularly with a mixture of fluorescent Lucifer yellow and nonfluorescent HRP in live slice preparations to reveal the detailed morphological features of these cells with special attention to the distal dendrite that may receive projections from suspected or known input axons. Extracellular or intracellular labeling of cells with axons that project to the distal dendrite of the identified cells was accomplished in the same live slice preparation. Using a live slice rather than a fixed slice allows accurate, visually controlled placement of anterograde tracer, which requires living axons for transport, into the source of input to the identified cells within the slice. Live slices also permit one to characterize the identified cells electrophysiologically. Intracellular labeling of cells in a potential source of local input to the identified cells also provides conclusive information concerning with connections of the cells involved.     

Physiological and biochemical responses of micropropagated tea plants

Summary Physiological and biochemical responses of micropropagated tea plants grown under field conditions were investigated in comparison to vegetatively propagated (VP) plants. No significant variation was observed between tissue culture raised (TC) and VP plants in terms of photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate. However, clones showed significant variation among themselves. Carbon assimilation studies carried out with a radiotracer technique revealed that ‘Assam’ cultivar UPASI-27 assimilated a higher amount of labeled carbon dioxide followed by UPASI-3. However, UPASI-27 was marginally better than UPASI-3 in terms of mobilization of assimilates to the growing sinks. Both, UPASI-3 and UPASI-27 reassimilated higher quantities of photosynthates followed by BSB-1 and UPASI-26. Though there was a marginal variation in photosynthetic pigments of TC and VP plants, it was not statistically significant. Similarly, no significant variations were observed in certain substrates (polyphenols, catechins and amino acids) and enzymes (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) except protease involved in the formation of quality constituents of made tea. However, clonal variation was evident with respect to photosynthetic pigments, substrates/enzymes. Under soil moisture stress, no significant variation was observed between VP and TC plants in terms of proline accumulation.     

不同干扰背景下景观指数与物种多样性的多尺度效应——以巩义市为例

以黄河中下游山地丘陵区的巩义市为研究区,采用典型样地法对灌草丛、人工林和农田边缘3种不同干扰背景下的自然、半自然生境内的植物进行调查。基于景观生态学原理,在地理信息系统技术支持下,借助于Fragstatta3.3软件,以调查样地为中心,计算了150、250、500、750、1000、1250、1500m不同半径缓冲区内表征景观形状(Edge and patch shape)、边缘对照(Edge contrast)、相似度和邻近度(Proximity and similarity)、景观多样性(Diversity)、基质(Texture)、斑块大小和密度(Patch size and patch density)共6类52个指数,运用冗余分析(RDA)筛选出不同尺度下对该区农业景观中植物多样性有显著影响的景观指数。结果表明:不同尺度,景观指数对物种多样性的影响变化显著。灌草丛生境,在500—750m范围内,SHAPE_AM指数和PARA_AM指数能够很好的解释物种多样性,解释量为33.6%;人工林生境,SHAPE_AM指数、AREA_CV指数、SIMI指数和PAFRAC指数在1000—1250m范围内对物种多样性的解释量达到48.1%;农田边缘生境,GYRATE_CV指数、ENN_CV指数、PARA_MN指数和FRAC_AM指数在750—1250m范围内对物种多样性影响显著,解释量为32%。其中,辛普森多样性指数(SIDI)与灌草丛物种多样性在750—1250m范围内作用显著,ENN_CV指数仅对农田边缘物种多样性影响较大。景观指数对物种多样性的影响具有尺度依赖性,未来应全面综合探讨这些指数的尺度效应及在景观生态学中的应用。     

黄海繁茂膜海绵中微生物多样性的研究

构建了中国黄海繁茂膜海绵中细菌16S rDNA克隆,对其遗传多样性进行了分析,发现海绵中相关细菌16S rDNA基因主要归类于紫硫细菌门(Proteobacteria)中的α-亚门、γ-亚门,和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)等类群。所获得的16S rDNA序列与GenBank中的已知序列差异较大,反映出该海绵存在尚未发现的微生物新信息。     

Blue light effects on rose photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis

Through its impact on photosynthesis and morphogenesis, light is the environmental factor that most affects plant architecture. Using light rather than chemicals to manage plant architecture could reduce the impact on the environment. However, the understanding of how light modulates plant architecture is still poor and further research is needed. To address this question, we examined the development of two rose cultivars, Rosa hybrida‘Radrazz’ and Rosa chinensis‘Old Blush’, cultivated under two light qualities. Plants were grown from one‐node cuttings for 6 weeks under white or blue light at equal photosynthetic efficiencies. While plant development was totally inhibited in darkness, blue light could sustain full development from bud burst until flowering. Blue light reduced the net CO₂ assimilation rate of fully expanded leaves in both cultivars, despite increasing stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentrations. In ‘Radrazz’, the reduction in CO₂ assimilation under blue light was related to a decrease in photosynthetic pigment content, while in both cultivars, the chl a/b ratio increased. Surprisingly, blue light could induce the same organogenetic activity of the shoot apical meristem, growth of the metamers and flower development as white light. The normal development of rose plants under blue light reveals the strong adaptive properties of rose plants to their light environment. It also indicates that photomorphogenetic processes can all be triggered by blue wavelengths and that despite a lower assimilation rate, blue light can provide sufficient energy via photosynthesis to sustain normal growth and development in roses.     

Qualitative and quantitative composition of pigments in Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) stressed by iron

The effect of Fe(III) deficiency on qualitative and quantitative changes in pigment composition in Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin was demonstrated by HPLC and AAS. Maximum content of pigments showed the diatom cells incubated at the optimum iron concentration, i.e., 10 M. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c ₁+c ₂, fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and ,-carotene were 109.99, 20.16, 40.39, 1.29 and 1.48 fg per cell, respectively. The results obtained showed that Fe(III) affected qualitative and quantitative pigment composition in P. tricornutum. The content of individual pigments, proportions between accompanying pigments and their ratios to chlorophyll a were important indicators of phytoplankton response to iron stress. The strong reduction in ,-carotene content, several times (2–5) increase in diadinoxanthin level as compared to ,-carotene, and high amount of diadinoxanthin in relation to chlorophyll a were observed in algae growing at very low Fe(III) concentrations, 0.001 and 0.01 M. The data suggested that phytoplankton pigments could be a potential physiological marker.     

Exopolysaccharide, pigment and protein production by the marine microalga Chroomonas sp. in semicontinuous cultures

The marine microalga Chroomonas sp. isolated from Venezuela was grown in semicontinuous culture in order to study the effect of renewal rate and nutrient concentration on alloxanthin, chlorophyll a, carotenoid, carbohydrate, exopolysaccharide, protein and cell productivity. Maximal cell productivity of 8.43 ± 1.8 and 8.81 ± 2.3 × 10⁹ cell l^–1 day^–1 were achieved with renewal rates of 30 and 40%. Maximal protein and chlorophyll productivity of 64.64 ± 2.3 and 2.72 ± 0.3 mg l^–1 day^–1 were obtained with renewal rate of 20 and 30%. Biochemical composition of Chroomonas sp. was influenced by renewal rate. Nutrient concentration seems not to affect cell, protein, chlorophyll and carotenoid productivity. However, carbohydrate and exopolysaccharide productivity of 7.56 ± 0.4 and 9.57 ± 1.2 mg l^–1 day^–1 were increased at 12 mM NaNO₃(P < 0.05). Also, alloxanthin and chlorophyll a production analysed by HPLC, were higher between 8 and 12 mM NaNO₃ at a renewal rate of 30%. Results demonstrated that a renewal rate of 30% and nutrient concentration at 8 mM NaNO₃ optimize the cell, protein, carbohydrate, chlorophyll a, and exopolysaccharide productivity in semicontinuous cultures of Chroomonas. This microalga, as biological source of commercially valuable compounds, shows high capacity for changing its productivity and biochemical composition in semicontinuous system on the basis of nutrient concentration and the renewal rate.     

小麦黄色素合成途径中Psy基因的克隆及分子特性

对普通小麦(Ttiticum aestivum)黄色素(YP)合成途径中的首要限速酶——八氢番茄红素合成酶(Psy)基因进行克隆和测序,并和玉米Psy基因进行序列比对。结果表明,在高和低YP含量小麦品种中均扩增出一条长1192bp的Psy基因片段,该片段包含一条可编码78个氨基酸的小麦Psy基因的外显子,与玉米Psy基因第4外显子的核苷酸序列同源率为80.74,同源区域内有47个SNPs,但仅11个SNPs导致氨基酸编码序列的改变,二者氨基酸序列的同源率达85.89,推测Psy基因在不同物种中的表达具有较高的保守性。BLAST聚类分析表明,禾谷类植物Psy基因的分类与物种的亲缘关系存在明显的相关性,小麦Psy基因在系统进化中比禾谷类其他植物更为高级。