甘南黄河流域4种典型林分土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）是参与植物光合作用和影响生态系统初级生产力的主要元素。甘南高原是黄河流域重要的生态屏障,为了解该区不同林分土壤养分状况的差异,选取该区4种典型林分：云杉林、华北落叶松林、巴山冷杉林以及岷江冷杉糙皮桦混交林为研究对象,研究土壤C、N、P化学计量特征。结果表明：（1）岷江冷杉及糙皮桦混交林土壤C、N含量最高,云杉林土壤N、P含量最低。不同林分间P含量差异显著（P<0.05）,不同土层间C、N含量差异均显著（P<0.05）。（2）云杉林土壤C ： N值显著高于其他林分,岷江冷杉及糙皮桦混交林土壤N ： P及C ： P高于其他林分。（3）海拔、土壤pH、容重与土壤含水量是影响土壤养分的重要因素。土壤C含量与N、P含量均显著相关（P<0.05）。总体来说,不同林分土壤化学计量特征具有显著差异,混交林土壤养分状况较纯林好,未来森林管理和植被建设中,可以通过选择合适的树种和提高树种多样性有效改善森林土壤质量。     

黄河三角洲刺槐白蜡混交对土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响

为探讨黄河三角洲刺槐白蜡混交对土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,通过高通量测序技术分析比较了刺槐白蜡混交林及刺槐纯林、白蜡纯林土壤细菌群落结构及多样性。结果表明:(1)混交林与两种纯林土壤细菌群落共36门。酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门(相对丰度大于10%)为刺槐白蜡混交林与两种纯林土壤中共有的优势菌群;硝化螺旋菌门为刺槐纯林土壤中的优势菌群。不同人工林土壤中各门细菌相对丰度差异显著。(2)混交改变了土壤细菌群落结构,提高了细菌多样性。刺槐白蜡混交林土壤细菌物种数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数分别为1934.5、2629.1、9.1,显著高于两种纯林。(3)相关性分析表明,土壤含水量与放线菌门细菌呈显著正相关;pH与芽单胞菌门细菌呈极显著正相关,与酸杆菌门细菌呈显著负相关。细菌多样性与土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与速效钾、有机质含量呈显著负相关。研究表明,刺槐白蜡混交林土壤细菌群落结构与两种纯林之间有一定差异,多样性差异显著,刺槐白蜡混交改变细菌群落结构,提高细菌多样性。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Halobacillus locisalis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from a marine solar saltern of the Yellow Sea in Korea

A Gram-positive, motile, endospore-forming and rod-shaped halophilic bacterial strain MSS-155 (KCTC 3788 and KCCM 41687) was isolated from a marine solar saltern of the Yellow Sea in Korea and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. This organism grew at temperature of 10.0–42.0°C with an optimum of 35°C. Strain MSS-155 grew optimally in the presence of 10% NaCl and did not grow in the absence of NaCl. The cell wall peptidoglycan type of strain MSS-155 was A4 based on l-Orn-d-Asp. Strain MSS-155 was also characterized chemotaxonomically by having menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and anteiso-C_15:0 as the major fatty acid. The DNA G+C content was 44.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that strain MSS-155 falls within the radiation of the cluster comprising Halobacillus species. Levels of 16S rDNA sequence similarity between strain MSS-155 and the type strains of four Halobacillus species were in the range 97.6–98.8%. Strain MSS-155 exhibited levels of DNA-DNA relatedness of 6.2–11.2% to the type strains of Halobacillus species described previously. On the basis of phenotypic properties, phylogeny, and genomic data, strain MSS-155 should be placed in the genus Halobacillus as a member of a novel species, for which we propose the name Halobacillus locisalis sp. nov.Communicated by W.D. Grant     

多重压力下重点生态功能区农户生计脆弱性——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

农户作为农村社会中最小的生计单元,面临着多重压力的冲击,这些压力不仅加剧了重点生态功能区农户的生计脆弱性,更威胁到该区生态服务功能的提升,当前亟需准确评估多重压力下农户的生计脆弱性,为制定可持续的生计政策提供借鉴。以甘南黄河水源补给区为例,利用入户调查数据,评估了多重压力下农户的生计脆弱性,分析了多重压力下农户生计脆弱性的形成过程。结果发现：（1）家人患病、子女学费开支高和自然灾害三种生计压力对甘南黄河水源补给区农户生计的影响最为剧烈,经济压力是该区农户面临最频繁的压力类型,但自然压力对该区农户的生计脆弱性影响最大;（2）经济示范区农户的生计敏感性最高,重点保护区农户的适应能力最低;（3）重点保护区农户的生计脆弱性最高,经济示范区次之,恢复治理区最低,自然压力冲击下农户的生计脆弱性最高;（4）不同类型的生计压力影响农户生计脆弱性的路径不同,自然压力通过影响自然资源依赖度与自然资本、社会压力通过影响饮水条件与社会资本、经济压力通过影响家庭抚养比与金融资本来影响生计脆弱性,生计压力之间的交互作用会增强农户的生计脆弱性。     

汾河入黄口夏季微生物群落结构分析

【背景】河流交汇区日益成为流域生态治理的焦点和热点之一。【目的】探明汾河入黄口微生物群落结构及其主要环境影响因子。【方法】应用16S rRNA基因Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析了汾河入黄口夏季微生物群落结构,并利用典范对应分析(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)了解影响微生物群落的主要环境因子。【结果】多样性指数分析表明该区域微生物群落多样性较高。微生物多样性分析发现优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria);在属分类水平上,相对丰度最高的菌属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),其次为乳球菌属(Lactococcus)和hgcI_clade。Spearman相关性分析及典范对应分析表明环境因子对水体微生物群落结构具有显著影响。【结论】汾河与黄河微生物群落组成具有一定的差异,不同环境因子对不同微生物的影响程度不同,p H和溶解氧(Dissolved oxygen,DO)是汾河入黄口微生物群落结构的主要影响因子。     

重点生态功能区农户的生计风险多维感知及影响因素——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

重点生态功能区承担着保护与修复生态环境、提供生态产品的重要任务,农户作为该区最重要的生态保护主体,面临着多重风险的冲击,其对生计风险的多维感知不仅会影响其生产行为决策,更关系到重点生态功能区主体功能的发挥,因此,急需准确地了解农户的生计风险多维感知及影响因素,为制定有效的生计风险防范体系提供借鉴。以甘南黄河水源补给区为例,基于多维度生计风险感知测量框架,利用入户调查数据,分析了农户的生计风险感知,并采用经济计量模型分析了影响农户生计风险感知的关键因素。结果表明:①甘南黄河水源补给区农户面临的主要生计风险为家庭发展需求风险、健康风险、社会风险,且重点保护区农户面临环境风险、家庭发展需求风险、政策风险的比例均显著高于恢复治理区和经济示范区农户。②农户对家庭发展需求风险的熟悉性、自愿性、持续性感知均最高,对健康风险的恐慌性、严重性及可能性感知均最高,对社会风险的可控性感知最高。其中,重点保护区农户对政策、市场及健康风险的可控性感知均高于其他区域。③人力资本对可能性感知、严重性感知、恐慌性感知、熟悉性感知产生了显著影响;物质资本对自愿性感知产生了显著影响。最后,提出了农户防范生计风险的对策建议...     

黄河下游平原不同非农生境中植物多样性

自然、半自然等非农生境是区域农业景观的重要组成部分,对区域生物多样性保护具有重要意义。黄河下游平原区是典型的农业景观,农田是最主要的景观类型,林地、树篱等景观要素散布其中,为研究区内非农生境中生物多样性及其生态效应,采用典型样地法对区内典型农业景观中林地、树篱、田间道路和沟渠等主要非农生境中的植物群落进行调查研究。结果显示:区内植物组成以菊科、禾本科等为主;区内植物科的地理成分以世界分布和泛热带分布为主,各生境间有一定的差异,属的地理成分复杂,具有中国15个种子植物属分布型中的13个,以温带分布、世界分布和泛热带分布为主,总体上区内的植物组成以广布种为主,优势科属明显,特有种缺乏;各非农生境中的植物多样性存在一定的差异,林地和树篱生境具有较高的物种丰富度和多样性,显著高于田间道路,沟渠、林地和树篱生境中的物种均匀度和群落盖度均显著高于田间道路;β多样性分析表明田间道路生境中的群落组成分化程度在各样点间最大(β多样性指数最高);树篱、林地和田间道路等生境间群落相似性均较高,但其群落结构和优势种组成方面却存在显著的差异,沟渠作为一种特殊生境与其它生境间的群落相似性相对较低。研究表明,在黄河下游平原典型农业景观中,作为非农生境存在的林地和树篱在物种多样性维持中具有重要地位,沟渠为水生和湿生植物提供了庇护所,意义重大;各生境间高的群落相似性仅是物种组成名录相似性的反映,其空间格局和优势种群间差异明显,各生境植物群落的生态功能差异巨大。未来区内生物多样性的保护应重在生态系统过程、功能的加强以及生态系统服务的维持和提高,且需进一步在景观水平上探讨各非农景观要素的空间构型对其生态效益的影响机制及其调控和管理策略。     

Testing for endocytosis in plants

Summary. For many years endocytosis has been regarded with great scepsis by plant physiologists. Although now generally accepted, care must still be taken with experiments designed to demonstrate endocytic uptake at the plasma membrane. We have taken a critical look at the various agents which are in use as markers for plant endocytosis, pointing out pitfalls and precautions which should be taken. We also take this opportunity to introduce the tyrphostins – tyrosine kinase inhibitors –, which also seem to prevent endocytosis in plants. Correspondence and reprints: Heidelberg Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.     

Strategies for Pyramiding Resistance Genes Against the Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus Complex (BaMMV,BaYMV, BaYMV-2)

Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus disease caused by different strains of BaYMV and BaMMV is a major threat to winter barley cultivation in Europe. Pyramiding of resistance genes may be considered as a promising strategy to avoid the selection of new virus strains and to create more durable resistances. However, this goal cannot be achieved by phenotypic selection due to the lack of differentiating virus strains. For pyramiding of resistance genes rym4, rym5, rym9 and rym11, located on chromosomes 3H and 4H of barley two different strategies have been developed. These strategies are based on doubled haploid lines (DHs) and marker assisted selection procedures. On the one hand F₁ derived DH-plants of single crosses were screened by molecular markers for genotypes being homozygous recessive for both resistance genes. These genotypes were crossed to lines carrying one resistance gene in common and an additional third gene, leading to a DH-population of which 25% carry three resistance genes, 50% have two resistance genes and 25% possess a single resistance gene homozygous recessively. Alternatively, F₁ plants having one resistance gene in common were directly inter-crossed [e.g. (rym4 × rym9) × (rym4 × rym11)] and about 100 seeds were produced per combination. Within these complex cross progenies plants were identified by markers being homozygous at the common resistance locus and heterozygous at the others. From such plants, theoretically present at a frequency of 6.25%, DH-lines were produced, which were screened for the presence of genotypes carrying three or two recessive resistance genes in a homozygous state. Besides DH-plants carrying all possible two-gene combinations, 20 DH-plants out of 107 analysed carrying rym4, rym9, and rym11 and 27 out of 187 tested carrying rym5, rym9, and rym11 homozygously have been detected using the second strategy which is faster but needs co-dominant markers, because in contrast to the first strategy marker selection is carried out on heterozygous genotypes.     

Impact of Microzooplankton and Copepods on the Growth of Phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Dilution and copepod addition incubations were conducted in the Yellow Sea (June) and the East China Sea (September) in 2003. Microzooplankton grazing rates were in the range of 0.37–0.83 d⁻¹ in most of the experiments (except at Station A3). Correspondingly, 31–50% of the chlorophyll a (Chl a) stock and 81–179% of the Chl a production was grazed by microzooplankton. At the end of 24 h copepod addition incubations, Chl a concentrations were higher in the copepod-added bottles than in the control bottles. The Chl a growth rate in the bottles showed good linear relationship with added copepod abundance. The presence of copepods could enhance the Chl a growth at a rate (Z) of 0.03–0.25 (on average 0.0691) d⁻¹ ind⁻¹ l. This study, therefore parallels many others, which show that microzooplankton are the main grazers of primary production in the sea, whereas copepods appear to have little direct role in controlling phytoplankton.