近30年来黄河三角洲植被净初级生产力时空特征及主要影响因素

我国拥有丰富的海岸带蓝色碳汇,准确把握海岸带蓝碳生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)状况,辨识不同人为干扰下蓝碳生态系统NPP的时空分布特征具有重要意义。以黄河三角洲为研究区,以近30a(1987年、1995年、2005年、2016—2017年)为时间尺度,通过遥感手段和现场调查,对黄河三角洲NPP时空变化特征及其主要影响因素进行研究。结果显示:(1)近30年来研究区NPP均值和总量呈现先下降又略微增长的特征,2016—2017年度NPP平均值为294.38g C m~(-2)a~(-1),总量为710.05Gg C/a,表现出显著的季节差异。(2)研究区NPP在各行政区、保护区和地表覆盖类型中均表现出了明显的空间分异性;2016—2017年度NPP分区结果显示,不同分区面积由大到小依次为中生产力区(49.5%)、低生产力区(38.3%)和高生产力区(12.1%)。(3)研究区NPP的时空分异性是地表覆盖类型和植被生长状况共同影响的结果,海陆交互作用、开发利用活动和近年来的生态建设是NPP时空变化的主要影响因素。(4)湿地植被和农田是研究区碳汇的主要贡献者,20世纪90年代以来二者NPP均值逐渐上升,在2016—2016年度分别达570.28g C m~(-2)a~(-1)和335.92g C m~(-2)a~(-1);近30年来,湿地植被NPP总量逐渐减少,农田NPP总量则逐渐增加。湿地植被是海岸带蓝碳的典型载体,农田作为位于滨海地区、由湿地植被转化而来、本身具有较高固碳能力和潜力的碳汇类型,可作为海岸带蓝碳的重要补充。     

Wheat-yellow pumpkin composite flour: Physico-functional,rheological, antioxidant potential and quality properties of pan and flat bread

The impact of yellow pumpkin powder (YP) substitution (5, 10, and 15%) on wheat flour's physico-functional, pasting, gel texture, and dough rheology was studied. Moreover, the nutritional, organoleptic properties and bioactivity of the composite pan and pita bread were evaluated. An improved water holding capacity was noticed for the blended flour than for control. The pasting parameters were declined significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing YP. Composite flours presented a softer gel texture in the presence of YP. Reduced water absorption, increased dough development time, and lower stability for combined flour dough. The bread with YP depicted increased protein, fat, fiber, and mineral contents, while a reduced volume and specific volume were noticed for pan bread. YP incorporated 5% and did not compromise pan and pita bread's color and overall acceptability. Additionally, composite bread depicted higher total phenolics with enhanced antioxidant activities at the higher substitution of YP.     

Uptake of Lucifer Yellow CH into plant-cell protoplasts: a quantitative assessment of fluid-phase endocytosis

The highly fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH (LYCH), now in common use in microinjection studies, has been shown to enter the vacuole of a range of plant-cell protoplasts from the external medium. Uptake was quantified by lysing the protoplasts following incubation and determining the amount of LYCH incorporated by spectrofluorimetry. Uptake was biphasic with respect to both time and substrate concentration, enhanced at low pH and inhibited by low temperature and metabolic inhibitors. The kinetics of uptake showed several similarities with those reported for the fluid-phase endocytosis of LYCH in animal cells and yeast cells. A calculated membrane permeability coefficient for LYCH, based on the observed rates of uptake, was too high to be consistent with simple diffusion of the undissociated form of the molecule and inconsistent with the membrane-impermeant properties of the dye. The data are discussed in the light of the possibility of fluid-phase endocytosis versus active transmembrane transport.Abbreviations CCCP carbonyl cyanide M-chlorophenyl hydrazone - LYCH Lucifer Yellow CH     

黄海繁茂膜海绵中微生物多样性的研究

构建了中国黄海繁茂膜海绵中细菌16S rDNA克隆,对其遗传多样性进行了分析,发现海绵中相关细菌16S rDNA基因主要归类于紫硫细菌门(Proteobacteria)中的α-亚门、γ-亚门,和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)等类群。所获得的16S rDNA序列与GenBank中的已知序列差异较大,反映出该海绵存在尚未发现的微生物新信息。     

Evidence for declines in populations of grassland-associated birds in marginal upland areas of Britain

Capsule We report large declines among summer populations between 1968–80 and 2000.

Aim To assess changes in the status of breeding populations of birds in pastoral uplands.

Methods Volunteer observers revisited 13 areas of marginal upland in Britain where Common Birds Census data were collected during 1968–80. This allowed the status of 35 bird species to be examined over about 20 years and to make a comparison between grassland-based and woodland-based species.

Results For 12 species the decline in abundance was significant, particularly among passerines, such as Skylark Alauda arvensis, Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe, Whinchat Saxicola rubetra, Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava and Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella, each of which declined by over 80%. Redshank Tringa totanus, Yellow Wagtail, Dipper Cinclus cinclus, Whinchat, Wheatear, Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus and Yellowhammer were found on less than half the number of plots on which they were originally recorded. Most declining species were associated with grassland for nesting and foraging, compared to those species that increased (Wood Pigeon Columba palumbus, Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba, Carrion Crow Corvus corone, Jackdaw C. monedula and Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis) that were less specialized in their habitat requirements. Woodland or woodland edge species showed no significant change in status, suggesting that population declines among grassland species were not due to lower observer effort between recording periods.

Conclusion Long-term changes to grassland ecosystems in marginal upland areas of Britain may have influenced the status of bird populations.     

黄河下游农业景观中景观结构和生境特征对林表生蜘蛛多样性的影响

以捕食者来进行"自上而下"的生物防治是有效而经济的。蜘蛛作为农业景观中重要的捕食者,在不同的尺度上研究景观和环境要素对其多样性的影响是十分必要的。目前,有关黄河下游农业景观研究中,关于蜘蛛多样性的研究报道较少。针对黄河下游农业景观中林地生境的蜘蛛多样性展开研究,于2014年4月和7月采用陷阱法调查林地生境中蜘蛛种群的分布及其多样性,分析了对蜘蛛多样性影响最强烈的环境因子,以及不同蜘蛛种群对草本植被盖度的不同选择。结果发现:研究区林地生境内蜘蛛的优势种群为星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigena)、单带希托蛛(Hitobia unifascigera)、类水狼蛛(Pirata piratoides)和陕西近狂蛛(Drassyllus shaanxiensis)。不同尺度上的景观要素和环境要素(解释变量)对蜘蛛多样性的影响存在差异,且在不同的季节均为100 m尺度上的解释变量对蜘蛛多样性的影响最大。在100 m尺度上,不同的解释变量对蜘蛛多样性的影响也不同,春季林地中的植被盖度对其影响最大,路距和林地面积也有较为明显的影响,夏季林地中的植被高度和植被盖度对其影响最大,其余解释变量的影响则极小。不同的蜘蛛种群对草本植被盖度大小的偏好不同,多数蜘蛛偏好高的植被盖度,如星豹蛛和白纹舞蛛(Alopecosa albostriata)等,也有部分蜘蛛种群偏好中、低植被盖度,如赫氏花蟹蛛(Xysticus hedini Schenkel)、白斑猎蛛(Evarcha albaria)和皮雄红螯蛛(Araneae)。研究表明,黄河下游农业景观林地生境中,不同的景观要素和环境要素在不同尺度和不同季节上对蜘蛛多样性的影响具有显著的差异,草本植被对蜘蛛多样性的影响极为显著。因此在研究区内合理规划林地的建设,加强草本植被的保护,提高林地捕食者的数量,有助于生物防治工作的发展和生物多样性保护工作的进行。     

Demersal fish resources in the east china and yellow seas

Demersal fish resources in the East China and Yellow Seas were reviewed. A current and historical survey of the fishery was made. The distribution and migration of demersal fish were characterized, and an assessment of fishery resources was provided. The standardization of fishing efforts and resources management were also examined.     

Switching from blue to yellow: altering the spectral properties of a high redox potential laccase by directed evolution

Abstract

During directed evolution to functionally express the high redox potential laccase from the PM1 basidiomycete in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the characteristic maximum absorption at the T1 copper site (Abs₆₁₀T1Cu) was quenched, switching the typical blue colour of the enzyme to yellow. To determine the molecular basis of this colour change, we characterized the original wild-type laccase and its evolved mutant. Peptide printing and MALDI-TOF analysis confirmed the absence of contaminating protein traces that could mask the Abs₆₁₀T1Cu, while conservation of the redox potential at the T1 site was demonstrated by spectroelectrochemical redox titrations. Both wild-type and evolved laccases were capable of oxidizing a broad range of substrates (ABTS, guaiacol, DMP, synapic acid) and they displayed similar catalytic efficiencies. The laccase mutant could only oxidize high redox potential dyes (Poly R-478, Reactive Black 5, Azure B) in the presence of exogenous mediators, indicating that the yellow enzyme behaves like a blue laccase. The main consequence of over-expressing the mutant laccase was the generation of a six-residue N-terminal acidic extension, which was associated with the failure of the STE13 protease in the Golgi compartment giving rise to alternative processing. Removal of the N-terminal tail had a negative effect on laccase stability, secretion and its kinetics, although the truncated mutant remained yellow. The results of CD spectra analysis suggested that polyproline helixes were formed during the directed evolution altering spectral properties. Moreover, introducing the A461T and S426N mutations in the T1 environment during the first cycles of laboratory evolution appeared to mediate the alterations to Abs₆₁₀T1Cu by affecting its coordinating sphere. This laccase mutant is a valuable departure point for further protein engineering towards different fates.     

Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) diversity in Tunisia in relation to seed potato production

Winged morphs of aphids were investigated from 2002 to 2004 in 4 Tunisian regions of potato seeds production in order to know the aphid diversity and the potential vectors of Potato Virus Y. This is a very important contribution to the knowledge of aphid fauna in Maghreb. A total of 50,030 aphids were caught using yellow water traps and one suction trap. 130 taxa were identified including 103 species. Ten species are well represented in all regions prospected and typical species were also observed in every region. Some differences in species diversity appeared between regions which are discussed considering weather condition and vegetation.     

Yellow leaf syndrome modifies the composition of sugarcane juices in polysaccharides, phenols and polyamines

Some ultrastructural changes can be observed in diseased Saccharum officinarum L. (cv. Cuba 120-78) plants with visual symptoms of yellow leaf syndrome (YLS), used to discriminate between healthy and diseased plants. Abaxial epidermis of diseased leaves shows a large amount of adhered superficial bodies, which partially occluded some stomata. Bundle sheath cells surrounding the bottom of phloem of diseased leaves are separated from the conducting tissues by a large layer of an amorphous matrix similar to wax. Debris of the end wall can be observed in large xylem vessels. Sometimes, spherical bodies similar to phytoplasma can be observed in the intercellular spaces of bundle sheath cells. These particles have never been observed in healthy plants. YLS was also associated to an increase of the concentration of reducing sugars, glucose index, and glycoproteins recovered in juices whereas the amount of sucrose decreases. Sugarcane juices obtained from both healthy and YLS-affected Cuba 120-78 cultivars of sugarcane contained putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), spermidine and spermine (SPM) as free and macromolecules-conjugated compounds. Only CAD and SPM appeared as acid-soluble conjugates to small molecules whereas PUT and CAD are the major polyamines (PAs) conjugated to macromolecules, mainly to high molecular mass glycoproteins. The disease was associated to an increase in total PA fraction. Arginase and ornithine decarboxylase activities, responsible for the synthesis of PUT, were higher in YLS juices than in those obtained from healthy plants. CAD and SPM presumably conjugated mostly to chlorogenic, syringic and ferulic acids in juices from YLS plants.