Inhibitory Effects of Methyl Jasmonate on the Germination and Ethylene Production in Cocklebur Seeds

Methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) inhibited the germination of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds. The inhibition of the germination of cocklebur seeds treated with JA-Me at concentrations less than 300 μm was nullified by ethylene applied exogenously, although the inhibitory effect of 1,000 μm JA-Me was not recovered completely even by high concentrations of ethylene (10,000 μL/liter). JA-Me inhibited ethylene production before seed germination. The level of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in the cotyledonary tissues treated with JA-Me decreased but not the level of 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC). JA-Me inhibited the conversion of ACC to ethylene in the tissues. These results suggested that JA-Me inhibits ethylene production by prevention of ACC oxidation in addition to ACC synthesis. We believe that the inhibition of ethylene production by JA-Me results in the retardation of the germination of cocklebur seeds. Received June 4, 1997; accepted October 23, 1997     

Effects of age and ontogeny on photosynthetic responses of a determinate annual plant to elevated CO2 concentrations

Plant responses to elevated CO₂ concentrations ([CO₂]) may be regulated by both accelerated ontogeny and allocational changes as plants grow. However, isolating ontogeny‐related effects from age‐related effects are difficult because these factors are often confounded. In this study, the roles of age and ontogeny in photosynthetic responses to elevated [CO₂] were examined on Xanthium strumarium L. grown at ambient (365 µmol mol^?1) and elevated (730 µmol mol^?1) [CO₂]. To examine age‐related effects, six cohorts were planted at 5‐day intervals. To examine ontogeny‐related effects, all plants were induced to flower at the same time; ontogeny in Xanthium is relatively unaffected by growth in elevated [CO₂]. Growth in elevated [CO₂] increased net photosynthetic rates by approximately 30% throughout vegetative growth (i.e. active carbohydrate sinks), approximately 10% during flowering (i.e. minimal sink activity), and approximately 20% during fruit production (i.e. active sinks). At the harvest, the ratio of source to sink tissue significantly decreased with increasing plant age and was correlated with leaf soluble sugar concentration. Leaf soluble sugar concentration was negatively correlated with the relative photosynthetic response to elevated [CO₂]. These results suggest that age and ontogeny independently affect photosynthetic responses to elevated [CO₂] and the effects are mediated by reversible changes in source : sink balance.     

外来入侵植物意大利苍耳的传粉生态学特性

从开花物候、花粉活力、柱头可受性、传粉媒介、花粉散布距离、雄性、雌性功能以及繁育系统等方面系统地研究了意大利苍耳的传粉生态学特性,旨在为揭示该物种成功入侵的机理提供科学依据。研究结果显示:意大利苍耳种群的花期较长,雌花花期可达40d,雄花花期可达30d。其雄性和雌性功能都很强,意大利苍耳单株雄花序和花粉量分别高达3847个/株和37903037粒/株,单株雌花序和单株胚珠数高达3847个/株和7694枚/株,种群平均结实率高达80.59%,即平均每株个体能形成6200枚成熟的果实。花粉活力的日变化呈单峰型曲线,早晨和傍晚的花粉活力最低,14:00时的活力高达99%。雌蕊柱头一经伸出总苞即具有可受性,可受期长达7d,开花后的3—4d柱头的可受性最强。意大利苍耳为风媒传粉植物,在4.5km/h的微风条件下,其花粉的散布距离可达45m,大量的花粉集中分布在距花粉源0—20m的范围内,这对于往往高密度连片分布的意大利苍耳种群来说无疑是一种高效的传粉策略。意大利苍耳的交配系统灵活多样,盛花期自然结实率达到100%,套袋试验结果表明该植物自交亲和,自株自然授粉的结实率高达93%。表明较长的花期、大量的雌雄花序及花粉数量、较高的花粉活力、较长的柱头可授期、较远的花粉风媒散布距离、混合交配系统、以及较高的结实率是意大利苍耳繁殖成功的重要保障,也是其成功入侵的重要原因。     

荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣在不同水分条件下的光合作用特征

在我国河西走廊中部沙漠区,选择20年生以上C4荒漠植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）植株,分干旱环境、雨后近地层空气湿润和人工树下挖坑浇水补充土壤水等3种水分条件,比较研究它们的光合作用特征。结果表明,在干旱环境下,梭梭和沙拐枣均表现出不同程度的强光下光合速率（Pn）下降现象,光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（Fv／Fm）明显降低,表现为光抑制。但在雨后空气湿润和人工浇水,使空气湿度和土壤湿度提高的条件下,2种植物的Pn日变化呈单峰型,Fv／Fm日变化小,没有光抑制现象。2种植物的Pn日平均值在雨后空气湿润条件下小于浇水后,浇水后第1天的Pn值明显高于第2天。水分条件改善后,梭梭和沙拐枣光合作用的光补偿点降低,光饱和点升高,光合速率对时间的积分加大。研究得出,水分胁迫导致C4荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣出现光抑制,提高空气湿度或者土壤湿度,都能避免光抑制,提高光能利用率。     

海拔和坡向对色季拉山蒲公英总黄酮及糖分含量的影响

【目的】蒲公英是西藏最常见的药食两用植物,研究其植株内主要药理活性成分黄酮类、多糖以及其他糖分含量在种间差异以及随着坡向和海拔梯度的变化特征,对其高效开发利用具有重要的指导意义。【方法】以毛柄蒲公英、大头蒲公英、锡金蒲公英、灰果蒲公英、反苞蒲公英和角苞蒲公英不同坡向和海拔样地的全草样本为研究材料,分别对植株中的总黄酮和几种糖分含量进行了测定和分析。【结果】（1）总黄酮含量在毛柄蒲公英西坡3 900 m样本中最高（80.96 mg/g）,而锡金蒲公英东坡2 300 m样本含量（29.08 mg/g）最低,并显著低于其他样本（P<0.05）。（2）总糖含量在反苞蒲公英东坡2 000 m样本中达440.55 mg/g,显著高于其他样本;而锡金蒲公英西坡4 200 m样本仅63 mg/g,显著低于其他样本。（3）所有样本中还原性糖含量最高为61.1 mg/g,最低为35.98 mg/g,但不同种质和不同海拔高度之间的差距不如总糖含量明显。（4）多糖含量在反苞蒲公英东坡2 000 m和锡金蒲公英西坡3 000 m样本高达320 mg/g以上,而锡金蒲公英西坡4 200 m和3 900 m以及毛柄蒲公英西坡3 900 m样本含量不足70 mg/g,并与其他样本差异显著。【结论】西藏蒲公英中黄酮和多糖含量较高,并在不同种质之间差异明显;黄酮和多糖含量随海拔或坡向呈相反变化趋势,而多糖和总糖含量则有相似的变化规律;高海拔和西坡向可能有利于黄酮积累,低海拔和东坡向可能有利于多糖积累。     

阿拉善退化沙地飞播植物群落演替趋势研究

阿拉善沙地飞播植被的形成和发育与生长季中的降水量及其季节分配有关。调查结果表明,当播种时月降水量大于65mm时,植物群落中高或较高存在度的植物种是蒙古沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)、沙鞭(Psammochloa villose)和白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala),重要值分别是64.9%、61.6%和23.7%,生物量2038.2kg·hm-2。飞播种时月降水量小于40mm时,植物群落中高的或较高存在度的种是白沙蒿、葡根骆驼蓬(Peganum nigellastrum),重要值依次是65.5%～66.6%、35.7%～46.1%,生物量1827.3～1834.7kg·hm-2。飞播植物群落种的数量随生长季节的变化而异,在6～9月,白沙蒿的重要值和生物量所占群落总量的比率逐月增多,种的存在度保持稳定,表现了较强的适应能力。蒙古沙拐枣的重要值和生物量在6～8月间表现出增长趋势,9月生物量有所减少,但其在植物群落中的表现相对比较稳定。沙鞭的重要值和生物量随季节变化而减少,表现出衰退趋势。以上结果表明,在沙地人工建植白沙蒿和蒙古沙拐枣是治理退化沙地的有效措施。     

苍耳等48种植物提取物的杀虫活性

采用浸虫法测定了48种植物的丙酮提取物对小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella L．）的杀虫活性,并研究了苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum Patrin．）不同溶剂提取物对小菜蛾和棉蚜（Aphis gossypii Glover）的触杀作用以及苍耳丙酮提取物不同溶剂萃取物对小菜蛾的触杀作用。结果表明,在供试的48种植物中,500g·L^-1黄花蒿（Artemisia annua L）、泽漆（Euphorbia helioscopia L．）、夏至草[Lagopsis supina（Steph．ex Willd．）Ik．-Gal．ex Knorr．]、苍耳及律草[Humulus scandens（Lour．）Merr．]的丙酮提取物对小菜蛾的杀虫活性较强。在苍耳的不同溶剂提取物中,苍耳丙酮提取物的杀虫活性最强,乙醇和乙酸乙酯提取物的杀虫活性次之。另外,50g·L^-1苍耳丙酮提取物的氯仿萃取物对小菜蛾的杀虫活性最强,24h和48h的校正死亡率分别为88．33％和91．67％。     

苍耳的一个新异名

将一室苍耳Xanthium sibiricum var. jingyuanense处理为苍耳Xanthium sibiricum的一个异名。     

蒙古荚蒾叶片解剖结构及其在城市景观和环境保护中的生态学意义

利用光镜和扫描电镜观察了蒙古荚蒾的叶片表皮形态和解剖结构特征,对比欧洲荚蒾,对其叶片结构的分化、气孔器与表皮毛、腺毛的密度和分布、角质层及蜡质纹饰等特征进行了研究.结果显示,其叶片形态和解剖结构与生态适应性之间有很强的相关性.蒙古荚蒾落叶迟,且抗寒、抗旱、耐阴,叶片对灰尘的吸附能力较强,在城市园林美化和抗污染等方面具有广泛的应用前景.