长春市园林地被植物研究

通过对长春市园林地被植物的初步调查研究,报道了长春市常见园林地被植物有95种,隶属76属37科。介绍这些地被植物的园林应用及生态习性,指出了长春市园林地被植物绿化中存在的问题,提出了发展长春市园林地被植物的建议。     

Strengthening Intera-ctionof City and Port to Promote Economic Development in Qinhuangdao

Based on the theory of relationship between port and city and the theory of life cycle of the interactive development between the port and city,this article analyses the present situation of Qinhuangdao harbor city interactive development,and gives the policy Suggestions aiming at the problems.     

Diversity of Central European urban biota: effects of human‐made habitat types on plants and land snails

Aim Urbanization is associated with strong changes in biodiversity, but the diversity of plant and animal assemblages varies among urban habitats. We studied effects of urban habitats on the diversity of vascular plants and land snails in 32 large cities. Location Central Europe, Belgium and the Netherlands. Methods The species composition of all vascular plants that had not been planted by humans, and all land snails, was recorded in seven 1‐ha plots within each city. Each plot contained one urban habitat type representing a different disturbance regime: historical city square, boulevard, residential area with compact building pattern, residential area with open building pattern, park, early successional and mid‐successional site. For each plot, we obtained temperature and precipitation data. The effects of climate and habitat types on species composition were quantified using ordination methods with an adjusted variation partitioning algorithm. Differences in species composition among urban habitats were described using statistically determined diagnostic species, and differences in alpha, beta and gamma diversity were quantified. Results A total of 1196 plant and 87 snail species were recorded. Habitat type explained higher proportions of the total variation in both plant and snail species composition (11.2 and 8.2%, respectively) than did climate (4.6 and 6.3%). For both taxa, the main differences in species composition were observed between strongly urbanized sites in city centres and early successional and mid‐successional sites. For vascular plants, the number of species was lowest in city squares and boulevards, and highest at successional sites and in residential areas with compact building patterns. Beta diversity of vascular plants calculated for the same habitat types among cities was highest for squares and successional sites. The number of snail species was lowest in city squares and at early successional sites, and highest at mid‐successional sites. The highest beta diversity of snail assemblages among cities was observed within the city square and early successional habitat types, and the lowest within residential area habitat types. Main conclusions Urban habitats differ notably in the diversity of their vascular plant flora and land snail fauna. Understanding the habitat‐related biodiversity patterns in urbanized landscapes will allow projections of future impacts of urban land‐use changes on the biota.     

Urbanization impact on landscape patterns in Beijing City,China: A spatial heterogeneity perspective

The temporal and spatial characteristics of landscape pattern change can reflect the spatial impact of urbanization on the ecological environment. Studying the relationship between urbanization and landscape patterns can provide supports for urban ecological management. Previous studies have examined the quantitative relationship between the social economy and landscape patterns of an entire region, but have not considered the spatial non-stability of this relationship. In this study, we characterized the landscape patterns in Beijing City, China during 2000 and 2010 using four landscape metrics, i.e. patch density (PD), edge density (ED), Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) and the aggregation index (AI). Geographically weighted regression (GWR) was employed to identify the spatial heterogeneity and evolution characteristics of the relationship between the urbanization of population density (POP), gross domestic production (GDP) and nighttime lighting (NTL), and landscape patterns. The evolution of urban landscape patterns indicated a decentralized, aggregated, and fragmented change from the downtown to the suburb and outer suburb. During the 10-year period, the average PD in the downtown increased by 100.6%, and the increase of AI in the suburb was the largest. The PD, ED and SHDI increased by different degrees in the outer suburb. The influences of different urbanization modes on landscape patterns were also different. Infilling mode made the landscape patterns more regular and integrated. The landscape was more broken and complicated under the edge-expanding mode, and the leapfrog mode made PD and SHDI increase slightly. In the relationship interpretation, GWR effectively identified the spatial heterogeneity, and improved the explanatory ability compared to ordinary least squares (OLS). The most intense response to urbanization was the forest landscape and the forest-cultivated land ecotone in the northwest of Beijing City, indicating that this region was ecologically fragile. The population density in the urbanization index had a direct effect on landscape patterns, while the PD affected by urbanization was greater than the shape, aggregation and diversity index. Affected by development policy, urban planning and other factors, the explanation degree of social economy to landscape patterns decreased in 2010. GWR is an effective method for quantifying the spatial differentiation characteristics of urbanization impacts on landscape patterns, which can provide more spatial information and decision criteria for the green development of a compact city.     

环胶州湾湿地规划对局地气象环境影响的个例分析

基于青岛市2008年发布的城市总体规划(2006～2020),利用城市尺度边界层大气数值模式模拟不同湿地类型和不同湿地面积建设方案下,青岛环胶州湾地区大气温度、风速的变化特征,并对环胶州湾湿地变化潜在的风险进行了分析.数值分析表明,城市水体湿地的设置有利于城市气温的减小,缓解城市热岛效应和提高地面风速;湿地面积减小,会造成局部地区气温升高,风速下降.影响气温、风速变化的区域主要集中在湿地面积增加和减少区域附近.与水体湿地比较,沼泽湿地对城市气象环境的调节作用较弱.这些认识对环胶州湾地区城市规划应重点考虑的因素给予了技术支撑.     

Quantitative aeropalynology in the atmosphere of Buenos Aires city, Argentina

For the first time, a volumetric study ofBuenos Aires city atmosphere was conductedusing a Lanzoni collector from March 1997through March 1998. Fifty-four pollen typeswere recorded of which 13 had a relativeconcentration of more than 1% of the yearlytotal. The lowest concentration of pollengrains was recorded in June, when Urticas,pp., Morus spp., and Myrtaceae were low.On the other hand, the highest concentration ofpollen grains was reached in September, with anincrease in Fraxinus spp. Theaeropalynological record may be divided intothree periods: *AP Dominant from July toOctober, *NAP Dominant from November toMarch, and *Residual Period from April toJune with low pollen concentrations.The greatest number of species was recorded inNovember, when 32 types were present, and thelowest number of species in June, when only 13pollen types were recorded. In June, the pollenconcentration was not dominated by any specieswhereas in September 85% of the pollen wasderived from one species of Fraxinus.Earlier studies on the aeropalynology of BuenosAires City were performed using Tauber andRotorod samplers. They were comparable to thisstudy, especially since the pollen peak wasreached in September, although the main pollenproducing species were different.     

热带地区湛江市常见行道树滞尘能力比较及机理分析

以热带地区湛江市常见的行道乔木作为研究对象, 研究行道树滞尘能力及作用机理, 为筛选生态效益高、适合热带环境种植的行道树种提供理论依据。选择热带街道常见的9种行道乔木在4个地点重复采样, 采用最新比例称重法计量尘埃质量, 纸重法测量叶面积, 并进行叶面微结构, 叶面特征, 叶柄长度和滞尘情况组合分析探索滞尘机理。这9种行道树的滞尘能力差异极显著, 麻楝滞尘能力最强, 达6.2907 g•m–2, 羊蹄甲滞尘能力最差, 为1.3136 g•m–2, 它们相差达5倍, 9个树种的滞尘能力从大到小依次是: 麻楝>小叶榄仁>非洲楝>人面子>大花紫薇>垂叶榕>雅榕>糖胶树>羊蹄甲; 植物的滞尘能力与其叶片气孔密度、开闭程度有关, 表明气孔密度小且开张程度大的植物叶片滞尘能力高于气孔密度大且开张程度小的植物; 植物的滞尘能力与叶片表面特征和伸展角度有一定关系, 其关键影响因素是叶面的纹路和粗糙程度, 而与叶片的质地关系不大; 关键研究结果是行道树叶柄长度与滞尘能力呈明显的负相关, 其叶柄越长, 滞尘能力相应越差, 羊蹄甲平均叶柄长度为3.43 cm, 滞尘能力最差。行道树间滞尘能力差异极显著, 行道树的气孔特征、叶面特征、叶柄长度和枝条伸展角度都会影响行道树的滞尘能力。     

蕨类植物蜈蚣草在江苏分布的新记录及其传播机制分析

报道了近期在江苏省南京市中华门城墙上发现的蜈蚣草(Pteris vittataL.)天然种群,共计约101株蜈蚣草生长在高大墙体上部的砖缝中及中下部的条石缝隙中,分布面积共约70m2.这些长势良好的蜈蚣草绝大多数都是成年个体,羽片背面都具有线形孢子囊群.由于蜈蚣草在江苏省并没有自然生长与分布,并且它的孢子等繁殖体也很难依靠风、水等自然媒介传播至南京中华门城墙这一孤岛"状生境中,而有关历史资料显示,600多年前在修筑包括中华门城墙在内的南京明城墙过程中,所需的城砖分别在江西、安徽、湖北等省烧制,并通过水路运送至南京.综合分析认为,中华门城墙上的蜈蚣草种群可能最初来源于这些城砖运输过程中所携带的蜈蚣草孢子.     

Comparisons of urban and rural bioclimatological conditions in the case of a Central-European city

This paper examines the influence of a medium-sized city (Szeged, Hungary) on the bioclimatological conditions of human beings. With the help of suitable indices for the available data set, differences in the annual and diurnal variation of human bioclimatic characteristics between an urban and rural environment are evaluated over a 3-year period. These indices are the thermohygrometric index (THI, defined by air temperature and relative humidity), the relative strain index (RSI, defined by air temperature and vapour pressure) and the number of ”beergarden days” (defined by air temperature at 2100 hours). In urban and rural areas, ”hot” THI conditions characterize 6% and 1% of the year, ”comfortable” conditions 30% and 20%, ”cool” conditions 10% and 12%, and ”cold” conditions 54% and 66% respectively. Over longer periods (e.g. one, month) RSI remains below the threshold value for strong heat stress in the city. The monthly frequencies of beergarden days show that these days appears from May until October and the city has almost twice as many pleasant evenings as the rural areas. Consequently, the city favourably modifies the main climatological elements within the general climate of its region; periods likely to be comfortable are therefore found more frequently in the city than in rural areas. Received: 24 November 1998 / Revised: 14 June 1999 / Accepted: 4 August 1999