Spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in cultivated soils induced by city pollution and land use

The spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in the cultivated soils of Shenyang suburbs in Liaoning Province of China was investigated, and its map was drawn by the methods of geostatistics combined with geographic information system. The data of soil DTPA-extractable zinc fitted normal distribution after logarithm transformation, and its semivariogram fitted a spherical model. The semivariogram indicated that the spatial dependence of soil DTPA-extractable zinc content was moderate, with the spatial dependence range of 1.69 km and the fractal dimension of 1.96. Stochastic factors contributed to 49.9% of the spatial variability, while structural factors contributed to 50.1% of it. The spatial heterogeneity of soil DTPA-extractable zinc shown by a kriged interpolation map was deeply influenced by stochastic factors such as city pollution, land use pattern and crop distributions. For example, the average content of Zn in vegetable garden soils was 2.5-4 times as much as in their originated soils, an     

城市复合生态系统中互动关系的测度与评价

基于城市复合生态系统原理和城市代谢功能,构建了城市系统互动分析指标体系。应用因子分析法、层次分析法及所建立的量化模型,对城市复合生态系统中的不同变量之间的相关性和协调性进行度量。并以中国北京、上海、广州、天津、重庆和深圳等六大城市为例,对其可持续发展进程进行横向比较。结果表明,六大城市发展度由大到小的顺序是:上海、深圳、广州、天津、北京、重庆;协调度由好到坏的排序是:重庆、上海、广州、北京、天津、深圳;循环度由好到坏的排序是:深圳、上海、天津、北京、广州、重庆;从可持续发展度看,建设和实现可持续发展城市或生态城市的先后顺序大致为:上海、深圳、广州、重庆、天津、北京。说明城市可持续发展的关键取决于社会经济活动压力源的削减、自然生态环境的保育以及城市代谢功能的增强。     

吉林省大安市生态环境规划系统动力学仿真模型

生态环境是人类生存和发展的基本条件,经济、社会发展的物质基础。如何保护和建设好生态环境,合理开发利用自然资源,是当今世界所面临的共同问题。针对吉林西部研究区的特点,要使生态环境和经济协调发展,必须统筹规划,突出土地盐碱地治理的重点,实施土、林、水综合治理。根据农业生态环境系统多目标、多层次、多变量、非线性的特点,应用系统动力学的原理与方法,建立系统动力学仿真模型,模拟封闭系统的动态变化,定量预测系统行为。并以吉林省大安市为例,采用系统动力学方法,开展了该区生态环境规划仿真研究,经过模型调控对比,提出了适合经济发展的最佳方案。     

资源型城市土地利用变化的景观过程响应——以黑龙江省大庆市为例

土地利用与土地覆盖变化直接或间接地改变着景观生态系统的结构和功能,进而影响地表各种景观过程。地表景观过程的改变,必然对人类赖以生存的生态环境产生程度不同的影响。黑龙江省大庆市作为典型的资源型城市(以石油、草场和耕地资源发展起来),是人地关系作用最强烈的区域之一,也是土地利用发生急剧变化且具有特色的区域。揭示该区域土地利用的时空变化特征和变化规律,探讨土地利用变化的景观生态趋势及对生态环境的可能影响等,对于资源型城市生态环境改善,产业结构调整及实现资源型城市可持续发展尤为重要。为此,基于大庆市1978,1988,1992,1996,2001年5个时段的MSS和TM影像,获取20余年不同时期的土地利用信息,以GIS技术为数据集成分析平台,计算土地利用转移概率矩阵,景观格局指数和主要景观组分的转移过程贡献率,以期从景观格局的角度定量刻画区域景观过程对土地利用变化的响应。结果表明,区域内耕地不断增加,草地持续减少,建设用地和林地逐渐扩大,而湿地则一直大幅度减少;耕地和草地是区域的主要景观类型,但二者的景观动态及过程却不相同,耕地的景观过程表现为空间集中性加强,而草地的破碎化程度加强,景观组分间的转移过程频繁,景观不稳定;对维持当地生态系统稳定起重要作用的湿地景观,其破碎化过程最为明显且面积和平均斑块面积都在迅速减少,这种景观过程将对当地生态环境变化造成负面影响。草地退化,湿地萎缩和功能减退,沙化和盐碱化日趋严重等生态过程,是土地利用变化的景观生态过程响应,恢复与建设生态脆弱的资源型城市的景观生态系统,须对景观尺度上的土地利用方式进行合理的调控,而这一调控的有效途径在于政策、体制的调整和观念的变化。     

基于微观空间单元的景观城市化水平对土地利用变化的影响

以深圳为研究案例,综合利用遥感数据、土地利用详查数据、政府部门资料和实地调查资料等多种数据源,引入GIS格网分析、空间分析和栅格数据分析等方法科学地绘制了基于微观空间单元的深圳景观城市化水平分布图,从定量角度揭示了建设用地增长、土地转移分布及速度和土地利用整体变化速度在景观城市化水平梯度上的分布规律,并归纳出了景观城市化水平梯度上土地利用变化速度的一般数学模型,拓展和丰富了城市化对土地利用变化的影响研究内容.     

海绵城市规划及景观生态学启示——以盘锦市辽东湾新区为例

随着我国城市面积不断扩张,我国许多城市面临着水资源短缺、地下水储量不足、水质污染和内涝的问题.针对这些城市水环境问题,我国2015年提出“海绵城市”建设.本文以辽宁省盘锦市辽东湾新区为例,依据《海绵城市建设技术指南-低影响开发雨水系统构建(试行)》,通过对典型区进行下垫面及各地块用地类型分析,结合研究区地形、水文、降雨强度等因素,选取低影响开发(LID)措施对研究区海绵城市规划进行设计.结果表明: 研究区达到整体目标控制率(年径流总量控制率大于75%)时,下沉式绿地率为1%～31%,下沉式绿地总面积达13.73 km²;透水铺装率为1%～13%,透水铺装总面积达2.29 km².本研究能够为海绵城市规划设计提供案例,对景观格局与过程研究也提供了新的思路和方法.     

Urban ponds as an aquatic biodiversity resource in modified landscapes

Urbanization is a global process contributing to the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats. Many studies have focused on the biological response of terrestrial taxa and habitats to urbanization. However, little is known regarding the consequences of urbanization on freshwater habitats, especially small lentic systems. In this study, we examined aquatic macro‐invertebrate diversity (family and species level) and variation in community composition between 240 urban and 782 nonurban ponds distributed across the United Kingdom. Contrary to predictions, urban ponds supported similar numbers of invertebrate species and families compared to nonurban ponds. Similar gamma diversity was found between the two groups at both family and species taxonomic levels. The biological communities of urban ponds were markedly different to those of nonurban ponds, and the variability in urban pond community composition was greater than that in nonurban ponds, contrary to previous work showing homogenization of communities in urban areas. Positive spatial autocorrelation was recorded for urban and nonurban ponds at 0–50 km (distance between pond study sites) and negative spatial autocorrelation was observed at 100–150 km and was stronger in urban ponds in both cases. Ponds do not follow the same ecological patterns as terrestrial and lotic habitats (reduced taxonomic richness) in urban environments; in contrast, they support high taxonomic richness and contribute significantly to regional faunal diversity. Individual cities are complex structural mosaics which evolve over long periods of time and are managed in diverse ways. This facilitates the development of a wide range of environmental conditions and habitat niches in urban ponds which can promote greater heterogeneity between pond communities at larger scales. Ponds provide an opportunity for managers and environmental regulators to conserve and enhance freshwater biodiversity in urbanized landscapes whilst also facilitating key ecosystem services including storm water storage and water treatment.     

Enhanced Performance of the Eurostat Method for Comprehensive Assessment of Urban Metabolism: A Material Flow Analysis of Amsterdam

Sustainable urban resource management depends essentially on a sound understanding of a city's resource flows. One established method for analyzing the urban metabolism (UM) is the Eurostat material flow analysis (MFA). However, for a comprehensive assessment of the UM, this method has its limitations. It does not account for all relevant resource flows, such as locally sourced resources, and it does not differentiate between flows that are associated with the city's resource consumption and resources that only pass through the city. This research sought to gain insights into the UM of Amsterdam by performing an MFA employing the Eurostat method. Modifications to that method were made to enhance its performance for comprehensive UM analyses. A case study of Amsterdam for the year 2012 was conducted and the results of the Eurostat and the modified Eurostat method were compared. The results show that Amsterdam's metabolism is dominated by water flows and by port‐related throughput of fossil fuels. The modified Eurostat method provides a deeper understanding of the UM than the urban Eurostat MFA attributed to three major benefits of the proposed modifications. First, the MFA presents a more complete image of the flows in the UM. Second, the modified resource classification presents findings in more detail. Third, explicating throughput flows yields a much‐improved insight into the nature of a city's imports, exports, and stock. Overall, these advancements provide a deeper understanding of the UM and make the MFA method more useful for sustainable urban resource management.     

成都市人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力空间分布差异

生态足迹方法是通过比较人类活动消耗的自然资源与自然生态系统所提供的生态承载力,定量的判断区域的可持续发展状态。采用生态足迹模型对2009—2014年成都市生态足迹、生态承载力状况进行了测算,并结合空间分析揭示了其空间演化规律。结果表明:(1)2009—2014年,各区市县人均生态足迹平均值有着逐年下降的趋势,由2009年的2.759hm~2/人下降至2014年的1.937hm~2/人,基本格局呈现出中间低,西南高,两翼居中的分布特征,高水平人均生态足迹集中分布在西南方向的蒲江县、大邑县,邛崃市;(2)2009—2014年成都市人均承载力呈现出较为稳定且有下降的趋势,由2009年的0.2314hm~2/人下降至2014年的0.2215hm~2/人,其空间分布特征与生态足迹呈现出较好的空间一致性;(3)人均生态亏盈,在时间上表现为逐渐向好,但其本质是趋势为生态赤字愈发严重,空间上呈现出与人均生态承载力情况"高-低,低-高"相反分布的特征,分布呈扩散型,即由中部的五城区向四周扩散,除五城区外,其余地区在研究期间内都为赤字,最严重区域集中在西南方向的蒲江县,最高达到-9.3189hm~2/人,亟需建立有效的生态足迹调控和补充机制。     

植物园发展战略研究

本文包括 (1)正确认识世界植物园发展的经验和 (2 )我国植物园发展的战略。阐述世界植物园发展的源、流、兴、衰和各国植物园之间因时而异的主、辅、唱、和关系。提出我国植物园新世纪战略目标和综合发展战略 ,认为万种药用植物的迁地保护和栽培化 ,以及城市植物环境的构建可以作为研究的重点