雨洪调蓄视角下的城市人工湖水量平衡景观设计方法研究

作为水生态基础设施之一的城市人工湖,可以通过自身水量平衡的调节实现雨洪调蓄功能。但是当前城市人工湖规划建设普遍存在水量难以维持的矛盾。在厘清城市人工湖水量平衡基本原理与空间尺度的前提下,借助城市人工湖与自然湖泊水文循环过程的对比研究,构建出人工湖水量平衡过程,进而分析其8项水量平衡要素的影响因子及调控可行性,并从风景园林专业可控的视角,将城市人工湖水文循环过程与景观要素进行耦合,建立起以水量平衡为目标的城市人工湖景观设计导则,通过“空间结构对位”和“物质载体对应”2个设计步骤实现水量调控。以期为城市人工湖水量保持的现实问题提供普适性的规划设计方法体系,拓展水生态基础设施研究领域的范畴,为“海绵城市”的建设提供理论借鉴与实践参考。     

半湿润地区外源径流型海绵绿地设计方法研究——以迁安市滨湖东路绿地为例

海绵城市建设视角下的城市绿地在调蓄城市雨洪中承担着日益重要的角色,半湿润地区的海绵绿地具有显著特征,总结其设计方法可为风景园林行业的相关研究和实践提供参考。以河北省迁安市滨湖东路绿地的建设全过程为研究对象,以保障绿地的基本功能和消减绿地内外部径流为前提,将半湿润地区降雨特征 作为研究基础,提出半湿润地区外源径流型海绵绿地的设计方法。针对绿地内部的低影响开发（low impact development,简称 LID）体系,利用 Xpdrainage 软件对场地开发前、后进行不同重现期降雨条件下的径流排放过程的情景模拟,对比分析二者的径流总量、峰值流量和峰现时间。结论： 1）在不同重现期降雨量下,滨湖东路绿地调蓄雨水径流作用显著; 2）半湿润地区外源径流型海绵绿地在设计时须利用定性分析结合定量模拟的设计方法。     

美国LEED-ND/SITES/LPS雨水管理评价标准对中国海绵城市绩效评价的启示

面对中国如火如荼的海绵城市建设,如何评价其建设成效成为新一轮的关注热点。中国针对该领域的专项评价标准也在近几年相继出台,其中最新版《海绵城市建设评价标准》（征求意见稿）于2018年7月发布。选取美国绩效评价标准中的“社区开发LEED 认证（简称LEED-ND）”“可持续场地倡议（简称SITES）”和“景观绩效系列（简称LPS）”中关于雨水管理的评价标准,与中国海绵城市的考核办法和评价标准进行比较,最后从评价指标的补充、评价方式的完善和评价细则的扩展3方面针对中国《海绵城市建设评价标准》的评价体系提出改进建议。     

沿海都市型农业院校生物化学新课程体系的建设

天津沿海都市型农业的特点对人才培养提出了高素质、复合型、创新型的需要,生物化学作为重要的专业基础课,建立新的课程体系势在必行。结合自身优势特点,我们从多层面、多角度进行课程改革,形成了教学层次多样化的新课程体系、进行了立体化系列教材的建设、创建了新形势下的实验教学体系和双语教学模式。经过多年的教学实践,这些教学模式对培养高素质、复合型的人才起到了重要作用。     

笋秀夜蛾的求偶及交配行为

笋秀夜蛾(Apamea apameoides)是我国南方地区最为重要的笋期害虫,了解其求偶和交配行为是性信息素分离鉴定和应用的关键之一。在室内条件下,对笋秀夜蛾的性比、寿命和求偶、交配行为进行了研究。结果表明:笋秀夜蛾雌雄性比为1∶0.76;雌蛾和雄蛾的平均寿命因交配缩短;笋秀夜蛾的求偶和交配行为仅发生在暗期,日龄对其求偶和交配行为影响显著。雌蛾羽化当天便可求偶,第2日雌蛾求偶率达最高,求偶的起始时间随着日龄的增加逐渐提前。成虫羽化当日便可交配,第3日达到交配高峰;随日龄的增加,开始交配的时间逐渐提前,日龄对成虫交配高峰出现的时间影响不显著。     

基于SLEUTH模型的阜新市城市扩展模拟

基于SLEUTH模型对1997—2013年阜新市城市扩展进行模拟.结果表明:阜新市转型进程中城市扩展最优系数分别为:扩散系数6、繁衍系数64、蔓延系数44、坡度阻抗系数52、道路引力系数90.阜新市主要表现为新中心增长(自发式增长产生的新城市中心)和边缘增长(新、老城市中心的进一步增长);阜新市转型进程中城市扩展受道路引力影响很大,其值达到90;阜新市作为资源枯竭型城市,矿区枯竭带来了滑坡、塌陷等一系列自然灾害,研究期间城市扩展受到坡度的阻抗是很大的.从城市规模角度看,道路引力对小城市的作用大于大城市;从新中心增长情况来看,小城市更容易出现新中心增长.阜新作为资源型城市,目前确定为资源枯竭型城市,经济转型是头等大事,引进的外资企业、新建的开发区、工业用地等在选址上更偏向道路交通便利区域,受道路影响较大,而且更容易出现飞地式发展.利用SLEUTH模型校正所得的最优参数,对阜新市城市范围进行模拟,其中,城市边缘增长的模拟效果较好,城市新中心即飞地增长的模拟效果较差,主要因为新中心增长受决策影响较大,元胞关系作用不大.2001、2006、2010、2013年的阜新市城市范围模拟精度较高.     

Spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in cultivated soils induced by city pollution and land use

The spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in the cultivated soils of Shenyang suburbs in Liaoning Province of China was investigated, and its map was drawn by the methods of geostatistics combined with geographic information system. The data of soil DTPA-extractable zinc fitted normal distribution after logarithm transformation, and its semivariogram fitted a spherical model. The semivariogram indicated that the spatial dependence of soil DTPA-extractable zinc content was moderate, with the spatial dependence range of 1.69 km and the fractal dimension of 1.96. Stochastic factors contributed to 49.9% of the spatial variability, while structural factors contributed to 50.1% of it. The spatial heterogeneity of soil DTPA-extractable zinc shown by a kriged interpolation map was deeply influenced by stochastic factors such as city pollution, land use pattern and crop distributions. For example, the average content of Zn in vegetable garden soils was 2.5-4 times as much as in their originated soils, an     

海绵城市规划及景观生态学启示——以盘锦市辽东湾新区为例

随着我国城市面积不断扩张,我国许多城市面临着水资源短缺、地下水储量不足、水质污染和内涝的问题.针对这些城市水环境问题,我国2015年提出“海绵城市”建设.本文以辽宁省盘锦市辽东湾新区为例,依据《海绵城市建设技术指南-低影响开发雨水系统构建(试行)》,通过对典型区进行下垫面及各地块用地类型分析,结合研究区地形、水文、降雨强度等因素,选取低影响开发(LID)措施对研究区海绵城市规划进行设计.结果表明: 研究区达到整体目标控制率(年径流总量控制率大于75%)时,下沉式绿地率为1%～31%,下沉式绿地总面积达13.73 km²;透水铺装率为1%～13%,透水铺装总面积达2.29 km².本研究能够为海绵城市规划设计提供案例,对景观格局与过程研究也提供了新的思路和方法.     

Urban ponds as an aquatic biodiversity resource in modified landscapes

Urbanization is a global process contributing to the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats. Many studies have focused on the biological response of terrestrial taxa and habitats to urbanization. However, little is known regarding the consequences of urbanization on freshwater habitats, especially small lentic systems. In this study, we examined aquatic macro‐invertebrate diversity (family and species level) and variation in community composition between 240 urban and 782 nonurban ponds distributed across the United Kingdom. Contrary to predictions, urban ponds supported similar numbers of invertebrate species and families compared to nonurban ponds. Similar gamma diversity was found between the two groups at both family and species taxonomic levels. The biological communities of urban ponds were markedly different to those of nonurban ponds, and the variability in urban pond community composition was greater than that in nonurban ponds, contrary to previous work showing homogenization of communities in urban areas. Positive spatial autocorrelation was recorded for urban and nonurban ponds at 0–50 km (distance between pond study sites) and negative spatial autocorrelation was observed at 100–150 km and was stronger in urban ponds in both cases. Ponds do not follow the same ecological patterns as terrestrial and lotic habitats (reduced taxonomic richness) in urban environments; in contrast, they support high taxonomic richness and contribute significantly to regional faunal diversity. Individual cities are complex structural mosaics which evolve over long periods of time and are managed in diverse ways. This facilitates the development of a wide range of environmental conditions and habitat niches in urban ponds which can promote greater heterogeneity between pond communities at larger scales. Ponds provide an opportunity for managers and environmental regulators to conserve and enhance freshwater biodiversity in urbanized landscapes whilst also facilitating key ecosystem services including storm water storage and water treatment.     

Enhanced Performance of the Eurostat Method for Comprehensive Assessment of Urban Metabolism: A Material Flow Analysis of Amsterdam

Sustainable urban resource management depends essentially on a sound understanding of a city's resource flows. One established method for analyzing the urban metabolism (UM) is the Eurostat material flow analysis (MFA). However, for a comprehensive assessment of the UM, this method has its limitations. It does not account for all relevant resource flows, such as locally sourced resources, and it does not differentiate between flows that are associated with the city's resource consumption and resources that only pass through the city. This research sought to gain insights into the UM of Amsterdam by performing an MFA employing the Eurostat method. Modifications to that method were made to enhance its performance for comprehensive UM analyses. A case study of Amsterdam for the year 2012 was conducted and the results of the Eurostat and the modified Eurostat method were compared. The results show that Amsterdam's metabolism is dominated by water flows and by port‐related throughput of fossil fuels. The modified Eurostat method provides a deeper understanding of the UM than the urban Eurostat MFA attributed to three major benefits of the proposed modifications. First, the MFA presents a more complete image of the flows in the UM. Second, the modified resource classification presents findings in more detail. Third, explicating throughput flows yields a much‐improved insight into the nature of a city's imports, exports, and stock. Overall, these advancements provide a deeper understanding of the UM and make the MFA method more useful for sustainable urban resource management.