血液净化科室设计中的人因工程因素讨论

?????? 目的 人因工程学是考虑人—机—环境间的关系从而提高工作效率和经济效益的一门学科,希望血液净化科室在设计时引入人因工程学理念,达到改善诊治环境,提高工作效率的目的。 方法 考虑三者需求平衡,通过改造设备、合理布局管道、设计透析单元、引入信息系统等手段达到预期效果。结果 医护和病患对科室环境的满意度较过往高。 结论 考虑人因工程因素可以在科室环境设计中最大程度达到功能和美观的统一。     

西安城市生态系统生命力评价

以西安市为案例地, 借助包含生产力、生活势、生态势和生机度的城市生命力指数框架, 运用灰色关联分析模型, 从时间序列上进行城市生态系统生命力评价, 以期从生命力视角对西安市的生态文明建设和可持续发展提供参考。评价结果显示, 基于目标层, 2007—2016年西安城市生命力与参考序列的关联度排序为: R2007年相似文献   

关于（荒野）殖民化

由于人类体验自然的渴望日益增长,在政治和实践层面,在城市中提供接触自然的机会显得越来越必要。关于“城市荒野”的思想和规划旨在提供一种特殊的自然体验。鉴于不同荒野思想之间存在冲突,风景园林师必须设法了解已有的荒野认知及其含义。通过 3 个荒野类别—“未知荒野”“特定荒野”和“过程荒野”,探讨发展千年的荒野理念,并提出“殖民化”（colonisations）概念作为理解荒野理念发展的一个关键。自然过程伴随着动植物对空间的殖民,而人类进入和占有空间的殖民过程则包含生理、心理和精神 3 个层面的内容。空间命名是一种特殊的、具有精神和象征意味的殖民化形式。例如,人类在城市中发现野生植被,称其为“野性自然”或“城市荒野”。然而,如今大多数（尤其官方）的荒野定义中均排除了人类干扰：一旦被殖民,真正的荒野就不复存在。科学研究对自然过程的殖民化已取得很多成果,但对于人类有关自然和荒野的认知和态度了解并不多。对于风景园林师来说,这有助于更好地理解如何“基于自然进行设计和建造”,对创造令人满意的景观也非常重要。探讨与“城市荒野”有关的论述、规划和设计观点及思想。 由于人类体验自然的渴望日益增长,在政治和实践层面,在城市中提供接触自然的机会显得越来越必要。关于“城市荒野”的思想和规划旨在提供一种特殊的自然体验。鉴于不同荒野思想之间存在冲突,风景园林师必须设法了解已有的荒野认知及其含义。通过 3 个荒野类别—“未知荒野”“特定荒野”和“过程荒野”,探讨发展千年的荒野理念,并提出“殖民化”（colonisations）概念作为理解荒野理念发展的一个关键。自然过程伴随着动植物对空间的殖民,而人类进入和占有空间的殖民过程则包含生理、心理和精神 3 个层面的内容。空间命名是一种特殊的、具有精神和象征意味的殖民化形式。例如,人类在城市中发现野生植被,称其为“野性自然”或“城市荒野”。然而,如今大多数（尤其官方）的荒野定义中均排除了人类干扰：一旦被殖民,真正的荒野就不复存在。科学研究对自然过程的殖民化已取得很多成果,但对于人类有关自然和荒野的认知和态度了解并不多。对于风景园林师来说,这有助于更好地理解如何“基于自然进行设计和建造”,对创造令人满意的景观也非常重要。探讨与“城市荒野”有关的论述、规划和设计观点及思想。     

孝感城区中老年对慢性病及社区管理现状认知情况的调查研究

目的:调查孝感城区中老年对慢性病及其社区管理现状认知情况。方法:选择2010年7月至2015年7月在孝感城区3个社区的500名中老年人作为研究对象,利用自拟调查问卷对所有受试者进行数据调查,分析孝感城区中老年对慢性病的认知情况,及对慢性病社区管理现状的认知情况,分析影响慢性病认知的因素。结果:在慢性病种类中,孝感城区中老年人对于高血压和糖尿病,及风湿性关节炎与慢性支气管炎的认知率较高,而对于癌症、偏瘫及血栓的认知率较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在慢性病的危险因素中,孝感城区中老年人对于缺乏锻炼、吸烟及膳食不合理的认知率明显较高,而对于酗酒、缺乏保健知识及悲观情绪的认知率明显较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在慢性病社区管理现状上,孝感城区中老年对于指导其改变生活习惯的认知率较高,为62.00%,而在进行三级预防、强化慢性病自我管理、定期举办慢性病专题讲座以及建立社区卫生的信息服务平台等方面的认知率明显较低,分别为22.40%、36.80%、42.20%及21.80%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic分析显示,文化程度低、经济收入低、未患慢性病及年龄≥60岁均为慢性病认知的危险因素。结论:孝感城区中老年对慢性病及其社区管理现状认知仍存在一定的不足,相关社区卫生管理部门应针对问题的影响因素,积极采取措施,改善社区管理现状。     

An interactive method to select a set of sustainable urban development indicators

The paper proposes a method for selecting a set of sustainable development indicators which can be used for various sustainability-related tasks, such as assessment of current condition, measure of progress toward specific goals of sustainable development, in general, and sustainable urban development, in particular. The method is based on variable clustering, selecting cluster representative, and multivariate linear regression in combination with experts and stakeholders’ input in an interactive process. The small set of indicators derived from the proposed method was able to account for a significant amount of information from the initial indicator set while effectively assisting stakeholders in making informed decision based on objective quantitative information and meeting their preference simultaneously.     

Characterization of a 160 kD Photosystem II reaction center complex isolated from photoinhibited Dunaliella salina thylakoids

Photoinhibition in the green alga Dunaliella salina is accompanied by the formation of inactive Photosystem II reaction centers. In SDS-PAGE analysis, the latter appear as 160 kD complexes. These complexes are structurally stable, enough to withstand re-electrophoresis of excised gel slices from the 160 kD region. Western blot analyses with specific polyclonal antibodies raised against the D1 or D2 reaction center proteins provided evidence for the presence of both of these polypeptides in the re-electrophoresed 160 kD complex. Incubation of excised gel slices from the 160 kD region, under aerobic conditions at 4°C for a prolonged period of time, caused a break-up of the 160 kD complex into a 52 kD D1-containing and 80 and 26 kD D2-containing pieces. Western blot analysis with polyclonal antibodies raised against the apoproteins of CPI (reaction center proteins of PS I) did not show cross-reaction either with the 160 kD complex or with the 52, 80 and 26 kD pieces. The results show the presence of both D1 and D2 in the 160 kD complex and strengthen the notion of a higher molecular weight D1- and D2-containing complex that forms upon disassembly of photodamaged PS II units.Abbreviations Chl chlorophyll - PS II Photosystem II - D1 the 32 kD reaction center protein of PS II, encoded by the chloroplast psbA gene - D2 the 34 kD reaction center protein of PS II, encoded by the chloroplast psbD gene - CPI the 82 and 83 kD reaction center proteins of PS I, encoded by the chloroplast psaA and psaB genes - HL high light - LL low light This publication is dedicated to the memory of the late Professor Daniel Arnon, whom the first author will fondly remember for his many accounts of past scientific discovery and debate.     

基于GIS与多目标区位配置模型的沈阳市公园选址

结合地理信息系统(GIS)与多目标区位配置模型(LA),综合考虑4个相对独立的目标因子(人口密度等级、空气污染等级、城市热岛效应等级、土地利用格局)对沈阳市三环内城市公园进行优化选址,并将优化结果与公园现状空间分布进行比较,以评价城市公园空间布局的合理性.结果表明： 与其他因子相比,空气污染因子对研究区城市绿地的选址具有重要影响.与单目标因子相比,多目标综合加权分析的结果能够合理地为城市绿地提供优化的空间选址.GIS与LA相结合的方法为城市绿地的空间优化提供了新思路.     

落叶松人工林土壤热传导季节变化及其与环境因子的关系

以2003—2005年落叶松人工林土壤热状况的实际监测数据为基础,研究了其土壤热传导特性及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明：落叶松人工林不同年份、不同地点土壤热通量的季节变化十分明显,4—8月为正值,9月至次年3月的绝大部分时间为负值,其年收支基本处于平衡状态.土壤热通量和土壤热导率（k）受净辐射影响显著,并存在时间延迟效应,冬季为4～5 h,夏季为2～3 h.基于实测的土壤热通量和土壤温度差计算得到的k值早春季节显著高于其他季节（P<0.05）,而其他月份不存在显著差异(P>0.05).使用我国大多数气象观测站积累的土壤温差数据和 k值进行土壤热通量季节变化估计时,早春季节（3—5月）可能会产生较大的误差.     

High rate algal pond operating strategies for urban wastewater nitrogen removal

Two experimental high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) (1.5m², 570 L per unit), each with a secondaryclarifier for algal biomass separation (0.025 m²,without recirculation), were fed with urban wastewaterfor a one-year period (June 1993 to July 1994). TheHRAPs were installed on the roof of the Department ofHydraulic, Coastal and Environmental Engineering ofthe Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona,Spain (lat. 41^° 24 42 N; long. 2^° 742 E). Nitrogen removal efficiency and changes intotal nitrogen, total organic nitrogen,NH₄ ⁺-N, and oxidized nitrogen underdifferent hydraulic retention times (HRTs) werecompared. HRAP A was always operated at a higherHRT than HRAP B. Both HRAPs were subjected to thesame environmental conditions of solar radiation, airtemperature and influent water quality. Grab samplesof influent, effluent of the HRAP (mixed liquor) andfinal effluent from the clarifiers were taken once aweek. The annual average nitrogen removal was 73% forHRAP A, and 57% for HRAP B. Higher removal in HRAP Awas due to a lower inorganic nitrogen concentration inits effluent. Significant differences (p> 0.05) inthe relative proportions of nitrogen forms between thetwo HRAPs were observed only in autumn and winter.This was mainly because HRAP B did not achieve a highlevel of NH₄ ⁺-N removal by stripping andalgal uptake, as observed in HRAP A. NH₄ ⁺-Nstripping was the most important mechanism fornitrogen removal (mean efficiency of 47% and 32% inHRAP A and B, respectively) followed by algal uptake,and subsequent algal separation in the clarifiers(mean efficiency of 26% and 25% in HRAP A and Brespectively). The conclusion of this study is thatHRT determines both the nitrogen removal efficiencyand the distribution of nitrogen forms in the effluentof a HRAP. The nitrogen removal level can becontrolled through suitable HRT operating strategies.By operating at a HRT of 4 days in spring and summer,and 10 days in autumn and winter, nitrogenconcentration in the effluent of a HRAP system can bereduced to less than 15 mg L^-1 N.