Effect of oils and fatty acids on molasses fermentation by distillers' yeast

Some vegetable oils, and the mixed fatty acids derived from them, stimulate sugar utilization and both the rate of alcohol production and yield of alcohol during molasses fermentation by yeast. The effect is particularly prominent during fermentation at a higher temperature of 40°C.     

Microbial ecology of fermenting plant materials

Abstract The lactic acid fermentation of plant materials is presented from an ecological perspective emphasizing microbial interactions and their influence on the production of fermented plant foods and silage. The plant lactic acid bacteria are discussed in terms of evolution; epiphytic function; physical distribution within fermented material; substrates and products; microbial sequences in fermentation; interactions among species; pure culture fermentation; and starter culture development.     

Eubacterium acidaminophilum sp. nov., a versatile amino acid-degrading anaerobe producing or utilizing H2 or formate

An obligately anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated on alanine in co-culture with H₂-scavenging Desulfovibrio and obtained in pure culture with glycine as sole fermentation substrate. The isolated strain, al-2, was motile by a polar to subpolar flagellum and stained Gram-positive. The guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA was 44.0 mol%. Strain al-2 grew in defined, reduced glycine media supplemented with biotin. The pure culture fermented 4 mol glycine to 3 mol acetate, 4 mol ammonia and 2 mol CO₂. Under optimum conditions (34°C, pH 7.3), the doubling time on glycine was 60 min and the molar growth yield 7.6 g cell dry mass. Serine was fermented to acetate, ethanol, CO₂, H₂ and ammonia. In addition, betaine, sarcosine or creatine served as substrates for growth and acetate production if H₂, formate or e.g. valine were added as H-donors. In pure culture on alanine under N₂, strain al-2 grew very poorly and produced H₂ up to a partial pressure of 3.6 kPa (0.035 atm). Desulfovibrio species, Methanospirillum hungatei and Acetobacterium woodii served as H₂-scavengers that allowed good syntrophic growth on alanine. The co-cultures also grew on aspartate, leucine, valine or malate. Alanine and aspartate were stoichiometrically degraded to acetate and ammonia, whereas the reducing equivalents were recovered as H₂S, CH₄ or newly synthetized acetate, respectively. Growth of strain al-2 in co-culture with the hydrogenase-negative, formate-utilizing Desulfovibrio baarsii indicated that a syntrophy was also possible by interspecies formate transfer. Growth on glycine, or on betaine, sarcosine or creatine (plus H-donors) depended strictly on the addition of selenite (0.1 M); selenite was not required for fermentation of serine, or for degradation of alanine, aspartate or valine by the co-cultures. Cell-free extracts of glycine-grown cells contained active glycine reductase, glycine decarboxylase and reversible methyl viologen-dependent formate dehydrogenase in addition to the other enzymes necessary for an oxidation to CO₂. In all reactions NADP was the preferred H-carrier. Both formate and glycine could be synthesized from bicarbonate. Serine-grown cells did not contain serine hydroxymethyl transferase but serine dehydratase and other enzymes commonly involved in pyruvate metabolism to acetate, CO₂ and H₂. The enzymes involved in glycine metabolism were repressed during growth on serine. By its morphology and physiology, strain al-2 did not resemble described amino acid-degrading species. Therefore, the new isolate is proposed as type strain of a new species, Eubacterium acidaminophilum.     

Contribution of rumen protozoa to fibre degradation and cellulase activity in vitro

Abstract The contribution of ciliates to rumen fermentation was estimated by determination of overall fibre degradation and cellulase activities (determined as carboxymethylcellulase activity) in faunated and defaunated 'artificial rumen' cultures. Experiments performed at loading rates of 22.5 and 35 g per liter per day of a grass-grain substrate revealed that fibre degradation was significantly lower in the absence of ciliates only at the high loading rate. This effect of defaunation was smaller at dilution rates below 1.7 fermenter volume turnovers per day. Bacterial numbers were higher in all experiments after removal of ciliates. Fractionation studies demonstrated that ciliates accounted for 19–28% of the total cellulase activity in faunated cultures fed on filter paper cellulose.     

A continuous multistage roller reactor for animal cell culture: 1. Patterns of growth,production and catabolism of a murine hybridoma

A Tubular Liquid Film Reactor was designed as a model system to transfer a batch culture kinetic to a continuous cascade. Cell density, product formation and substrate consumption rates were followed during fermentation at two dilution rates. In spite of the high dilution rates effective in each segment by itself high cell densities of up to 10⁷ cells/ml were achieved due to cell sedimentation. The model character of the reactor was taken to determine critical values of substrate concentrations that influence production rates and result in an adaptation of metabolism.Abbreviations TLFR tubular liquid film reactor     

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸发酵生产中两个调控指标的探讨

为了调控长链ω 3多不饱和脂肪酸的发酵 ,对用于脂肪酸发酵调控的 2个指标 18∶3(α ) /18∶2和∑C18/∑C16进行探讨。对 2个指标从化学反应平衡角度进行阐述 ,进一步证明在合适的条件下 ,头孢霉 18∶3(α ) /18∶2的变化趋势和二十二碳六烯酸变化趋势一致 ;轮梗霉∑C18/∑C16和二十碳五烯酸变化趋势一致。 18∶3(α ) /18∶2和∑C18/∑C16可以作为发酵生产二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸的调控指标。     

The onset of fermentative metabolism in continuous cultures depends on the catabolite repression properties of saccharomyces cerevisiae

In glucose-limited continuous cultures, a Crabtree positive yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae displays respiratory metabolism at low dilution rates (D) and respirofermentative metabolism at high D. We hypothesized that the onset of fermentative metabolism is related with the catabolite repression or glucose repression effect. To test this hypothesis, we have investigated the physiological behavior in glucose-limited continuous cultures of S. cerevisiae strain CEN.PK122 and isogenic mutants, snf1 (cat1) and snf4 (cat3), defective in proteins involved in the release from glucose repression and the mutant in glucose repression mig1. We analyzed the behavior of the wild type and mutant strains at steady state in chemostat cultures as a function of D. Wild-type cells displayed respiratory metabolism up to a D of 0.2 h⁻¹. snf1 and snf4 mutants started fermenting after a D of 0.1 and 0.15 h⁻¹, respectively. The latter behavior was not due to an impairment of respiration since their specific rate of oxygen consumption was similar or even higher than that shown by the wild type. The snf1 strain displayed much lower yields than the wild type and the other mutants in the whole range of D studied. We conclude that the onset of fermentative metabolism in yeast growing in chemostat cultures is related with glucose repression.     

以葡萄渣为原料,固体发酵生产单细胞蛋白的初步研究

本文报道以葡萄渣为唯一碳源,利用微生物混合培养固体发酵技术生产单细胞蛋白的初步尝试。将自分的３株霉菌、（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｕｓ）４株酵母（Ｓａｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ）和１株细菌（Ｃｅｌｕｌｏｍｏｎａｓ）进行了不同组合的培养,并用正交试验法作了培养基配方试验,同时对培养基含水量和发酵时间也进行了一些摸索。初步结果表明,培养基在未经灭菌的条件下,以尿素为氮源,培养基含水量６０％,于２８℃—３０℃,培养４８ｈ,发酵产物的粗蛋白含量可提高一倍。     

Enhanced 2,3-butanediol production by Klebsiella oxytoca using a two-stage agitation speed control strategy

Batch fermentative production of 2,3-butanediol by Klebsiella oxytoca was investigated using various oxygen supply methods though varying agitation speed. Based on the analysis of three kinetic parameters including specific cell growth rate (μ), specific glucose consumption rate (q_s) and specific 2,3-butanediol formation rate (q_p), a two-stage agitation speed control strategy, aimed at achieving high concentration, high yield and high productivity of 2,3-butanediol, was proposed. At the first 15 h, agitation speed was controlled at 300 rpm to obtain high μ for cell growth, subsequently agitation speed was controlled at 200 rpm to maintain high q_p for high 2,3-butanediol accumulation. Finally, the maximum concentration of 2,3-butanediol reached 95.5 g l⁻¹ with the yield of 0.478 g g⁻¹ and the productivity of 1.71 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹, which were 6.23%, 6.22% and 22.14% over the best results controlled by constant agitation speeds.