全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5929篇 |
免费 | 376篇 |
国内免费 | 408篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 7篇 |
2023年 | 52篇 |
2022年 | 68篇 |
2021年 | 92篇 |
2020年 | 116篇 |
2019年 | 134篇 |
2018年 | 116篇 |
2017年 | 134篇 |
2016年 | 124篇 |
2015年 | 127篇 |
2014年 | 231篇 |
2013年 | 249篇 |
2012年 | 192篇 |
2011年 | 247篇 |
2010年 | 180篇 |
2009年 | 263篇 |
2008年 | 256篇 |
2007年 | 297篇 |
2006年 | 286篇 |
2005年 | 275篇 |
2004年 | 233篇 |
2003年 | 244篇 |
2002年 | 197篇 |
2001年 | 185篇 |
2000年 | 174篇 |
1999年 | 217篇 |
1998年 | 188篇 |
1997年 | 169篇 |
1996年 | 156篇 |
1995年 | 143篇 |
1994年 | 151篇 |
1993年 | 161篇 |
1992年 | 106篇 |
1991年 | 123篇 |
1990年 | 98篇 |
1989年 | 100篇 |
1988年 | 64篇 |
1987年 | 73篇 |
1986年 | 85篇 |
1985年 | 74篇 |
1984年 | 75篇 |
1983年 | 25篇 |
1982年 | 58篇 |
1981年 | 50篇 |
1980年 | 38篇 |
1979年 | 29篇 |
1978年 | 16篇 |
1977年 | 15篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有6713条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
911.
Simone Bettini Valeria Franceschini Laura Astolfi Edi Simoni Benedetta Mazzanti Alessandro Martini Roberto P. Revoltella 《Cytotherapy》2018,20(2):189-203
Background
Kanamycin, mainly used in the treatment of drug-resistant-tuberculosis, is known to cause irreversible hearing loss. Using the xeno-transplant model, we compared both in vitro and in vivo characteristics of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from adult tissues, bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and adipose tissue (ADSCs). These tissues were selected for their availability, in vitro multipotency and regenerative potential in vivo in kanamycin-deafened nod-scid mice.Methods
MSCs were isolated from informed donors and expanded ex vivo. We evaluated their proliferation capacity in vitro using the hexosaminidase assay, the phenotypic profile using flow-cytometry of a panel of surface antigens, the osteogenic potential using alkaline phosphatase activity and the adipogenic potential using oil-red-O staining. MSCs were intravenously injected in deafened mice and cochleae, liver, spleen and kidney were sampled 7 and 30 days after transplantation. The dissected organs were analyzed using lectin histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization (DC-FISH).Results
MSCs showed similar in vitro characteristics, but ADSCs appeared to be more efficient after prolonged expansion. Both cell types engrafted in the cochlea of damaged mice, inducing regeneration of the damaged sensory structures. Several hybrid cells were detected in engrafted tissues.Discussion
BM-MSCs and ADSCs showed in vitro characteristics suitable for tissue regeneration and fused with resident cells in engrafted tissues. The data suggest that paracrine effect is the prevalent mechanism inducing tissue recovery. Overall, BM-MSCs and ADSCs appear to be valuable tools in regenerative medicine for hearing loss recovery. 相似文献912.
Non-crop vegetation of field margins provides resources for natural enemies of crop herbivores. However, it is still not well known whether this resource provisioning effect is strong enough to improve herbivore regulation within crop fields and which plant species and functional groups favour this ecosystem service. A better understanding of the interactions between field margin vegetation and herbivore regulation is crucial to evaluate management strategies and to design suppressive plant mixtures. We surveyed 64 wheat and oilseed rape fields of Western France for two years (16 fields per year and crop) in order (1) to identify plant diversity or group effects on herbivore regulation within crop fields and (2) to identify species within plant groups that improve regulation. Herbivores, herbivore damage and natural enemies were monitored on crop plants at a distance of 5 and 50 m from the field margin. At the same time, the cover and phenological stage of all vascular plants were estimated in the adjacent field margin. The study demonstrated a positive relationship between the cover of entomophilous plant species that were flowering at the survey date and response variables related to herbivore regulation. Plant species richness and the cover of plant species taxonomically close to crop plants had a small influence on herbivores and natural enemies in wheat whereas related wild Brassicaceae increased herbivory and decreased herbivore regulation in oilseed rape. Within the entomophilous flowering plants, several species were significantly related to a better herbivore regulation in univariate analyses. Multivariate ordination techniques allowed the identification of plant species influencing several response variables of herbivore regulation at the same time. Our study demonstrated the importance of entomophilous species that flowered at peak infestation of crop herbivores. Spontaneous field margins rich in flowering entomophilous species provide an important ecosystem service without expensive sowing of seed mixtures. 相似文献
913.
Global profiling of alternative splicing landscape responsive to drought,heat and their combination in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Plant biotechnology journal》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
914.
Construction of a multicontrol sterility system for a maize male‐sterile line and hybrid seed production based on the ZmMs7 gene encoding a PHD‐finger transcription factor
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Plant biotechnology journal》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
915.
采用DNA指纹分析和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,对一例与公驴交配生育了后代的母后代进行了亲缘鉴定和血清蛋白、酯酶遗传的分析。结果可以认定其亲子关系并证实母骡生育的事实。虽然本例母的后代在Pr、Al、Pa和Hb、Es等基因座位上的基因表达倾向于驴,但其外貌仍明显地带有种间杂种的特征。因此,尚不能简单地认为其已“回归”为纯种的驴。 相似文献
916.
张改生 赵惠燕 葛世敏 张建国 陈新宏ZHANG Gai-Sheng ZHAO Hui-Yan GE Shi-Min ZHANG Jian-guo ZHANG Xin-Hong 《遗传》1997,19(6):12-14
小麦干尖叶是近年在小麦育种中所发现的一种叶部坏死性状,直接影响小麦的产量。本文以具有干尖叶与正常叶这一相对性状的部分小麦品种(系)为基本材料,采用正反杂交、正反回交及杂种后代分析和异源细胞质替换,首次对干尖叶的遗传及性状传递规律进行了研究。结果表明:干尖叶性状与一般杂种坏死与黄化截然不同, 并非仅杂种所具有,能作为纯系稳定遗传; 其表型受核内一对主效显性基因所控制,即使采用异源细胞质替换, 以特定质核互作也难以克服这一性状的对外表达,只有通过杂交与后代选择,纯化与稳定隐性正常叶方可克服。
Abstract:In this paper,the inheritance and transmission law of the character for wheat leaf-tip necrosis were firstly investigated with the contrasting character of leaf-tip necrosis and normal leaf in wheat varieties for basic test materials by reciprocal crosses and backcrosses,hybrid progeny analysis and aliencytoplasm substitution.The results indicated that the wheat leaf-tip necrosis is abviously different from the hybrid necrosis and hybrid chlorosis.It is not only expressed in hybrid but also stable inheritance as pureline.Its phenotype is conditioned by a pair major dominant gene.It is not overcome even if special interaction of nucleus-cytoplasm after alien cytoplasm substitution.Only be the varieties or lines with normal leaf obtained by crossing and selecting stable normal leaf character with recessive gene. 相似文献
917.
大口鲇和鲇鱼血清蛋白质及同工酶的比较研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
采用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶垂直板电泳,分析了大口鲇和鲇鱼的血清蛋白质以及心脏、肝脏、眼和肌肉4种组织的EST及MDH同工酶。结果表明,大口鲇和鲇鱼的血清蛋白质均能分离出20条左右的谱带,两者既表现出相同的谱带,又表现出迁移率和含量都不同的带型。两者的EST和MDH同工酶在4种组织及血清中均能特异性地表达,存在明显的组织和物种特异性。本文认为肝脏是研究大口鲇和鲇鱼种群生化遗传结构与变异的理想材料,同时还探讨了两种鲇鱼的M DH同工酶位点。
Abstract:The serum proteins and isozymes in four tissues (heart,liver,eye and musele)of Smeridionalis Chen and S.asotus Linnaeus were analyzed by polyacrylamide gradient gel vertical electrophoresis.The isozymes are esterase(EST)and malate dehytrogenase(MDH).The results showed that electrophoretograme of serum proteins were about 20 protein pattens in two species catfish,they were either the same protein pattens or the different pattens.Electrophoretogram of isozymes(EST,MDH)in two species catfish indicated tissues and species specificity.Experiment considered that the liver was a good material studied biochemical genetic constitution and variation in species group of S.meridionalis Chen and S.asotus Linnaeus. 相似文献
918.
家禽(鹅、鸭、鸡)血清酯酶多态性比较血型学初步研究 总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7
鸡的酯酶在两个区域出现了变异, 靠近阳极的Es-1区共有3条带,表现出7种表型组合(AA、 BB、CC、AB、AC、BC和无带O型),分别受控于常染色体上相同基因座位上3个复等位基因(Es-1^A|、Es-1^B|、Es-1^C|)和1个隐性基因(Es-1^O|)。在原点和Es-1之间的Es-2区表现出有带(+)和无带(-)两种类型。鹅的血清酯酶与鸡截然不同。在鸡的Es-2区域,鹅的带谱信号弱(无)。在与鸡Es-1区域相应位置,鹅存在着8-9条谱带,其中的1号、2 -7号存在着个体水平的多态现象。鸭血清酯酶的聚丙烯酰胺谱带与鹅非常相似。鹅、鸭血清酯酶的遗传机制有待交配实验确定。 相似文献
919.
Christina M. Laukaitis Elizabeth S. Critser Robert C. Karn 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1997,51(6):2000-2005
We wanted to determine whether the microevolution of the mouse salivary androgen-binding protein (ABP) Alpha subunit gene (Abpa) could mediate sexual selection and thereby have a potential role in maintaining gene pool integrity where radiating mouse subspecies make secondary contact. This hypothesis is based upon previous work in this laboratory, which has shown that each subspecies apparently has its own allele and that these alleles have a 25-fold excess of nonsynonymous/synonymous base substitutions compared to an average protein under purifying selection. We provide direct evidence for ABP-assortative mate selection in a laboratory setting: Mus musculus domesticus and M. m. musculus female mice recognize and discriminate between the territories of male mice that essentially differ solely in their Abpa genotype and, when the males are present, the female prefers to mate with the one of her own ABP type. The observation that females could differentiate between the territories of the two males when those mice were absent suggests that the males marked their territories with ABP. In this study, we also detected ABP on the pelts of male mice and in their environment. It is likely that the animals apply the protein to their pelts by licking and that it is then deposited in their surroundings. We suggest that females of the two subspecies are able to discriminate between males of those subspecies on the basis of this protein molecule. Mouse salivary ABP might present a worthwhile system with which to study a prezygotic isolation mechanism in a mammal. 相似文献
920.
Han Wang E. Durant McArthur Stewart C. Sanderson John H. Graham D. Carl Freeman 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1997,51(1):95-102
Does endogenous or exogenous selection stabilize the big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) hybrid zone? After two years of study, our reciprocal transplant experiments showed significant genotype by environment interactions for a number of fitness components, including germination, growth, and reproduction. Hybrids were the most fit within the hybrid garden. In the parental gardens, the native parental taxon was more fit than either the alien parental or hybrids. These results are consistent with the bounded hybrid superiority model, which assumes exogenous selection, but are clearly at odds with the dynamic equilibrium model, which assumes endogenous selection and universal hybrid unfitness. 相似文献