广东西部云开山自然保护区蕨类植物多样性调查

野外调查和标本鉴定结果表明,云开山自然保护区共有185种蕨类植物,其中10种为广东新分布:中华桫椤(Alsophila costularis)、白桫椤(Sphaeropteris brunoniana)、有刺凤尾蕨(Pteris setulosacostulata)、禾秆亮毛蕨(Acystopteris tenuisecta)、高大短肠蕨(Allantodia muricata)、细裂铁角蕨(Asplenium tenuifolium)、无盖肉刺蕨(Nothoperanema shikokianum)、蓝色鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris polita)、云南舌蕨(Elaphoglossum yunnanense)和黑鳞剑蕨(Loxogramme assimilis)。该地蕨类植物区系主要由亚洲热带亚热带分布和东亚分布成分(各占约37%的种类)构成,以鳞毛蕨科(Dryopteridaceae)、水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)、金星蕨科(Thelypteridaceae)、蹄盖蕨科(Athyriaceae)和铁角蕨科(Aspleniaceae)的植物最为丰富,包含13种中国特有种但缺乏本地特有成分。垂直分布的统计结果表明,绝大多数植物(143种)生活在海拔900~1300 m的常绿阔叶林下,局限分布于海拔800 m以下的植物有15种,而局限分布于海拔1400~1700 m的植物有23种。该地的珍稀蕨类植物有马尾杉(Phlegmariurus phlegmaria)、华南马尾杉(P. austrosinicu)、薄叶阴地蕨(Sceptridium daucifolium)、小黑桫椤(Gymnosphaera metteniana)、中华桫椤、白桫椤、长柄车前蕨(Antrophyum obovatum)、黑鳞复叶耳蕨(Arachniodes nigrospinosa)、两广鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris liangkwangensis)、云南舌蕨、燕尾蕨(Cheiropleuria bicuspis)、锯蕨(Micropolypodium okuboi)和穴子蕨(Prosaptia urceolaris)。     

Testing Darwin's naturalization hypothesis in the Azores

Invasive species are a threat for ecosystems worldwide, especially oceanic islands. Predicting the invasive potential of introduced species remains difficult, and only a few studies have found traits correlated to invasiveness. We produced a molecular phylogenetic dataset and an ecological trait database for the entire Azorean flora and find that the phylogenetic nearest neighbour distance (PNND), a measure of evolutionary relatedness, is significantly correlated with invasiveness. We show that introduced plant species are more likely to become invasive in the absence of closely related species in the native flora of the Azores, verifying Darwin's 'naturalization hypothesis'. In addition, we find that some ecological traits (especially life form and seed size) also have predictive power on invasive success in the Azores. Therefore, we suggest a combination of PNND with ecological trait values as a universal predictor of invasiveness that takes into account characteristics of both introduced species and receiving ecosystem.     

The Modification of Ancient Woodland Ground Flora at Arable Edges

The last five decades have witnessed an intensification of agriculture with a marked increase in the use of agrochemicals. This study investigated whether arable edges affect ancient woods and the extent of any modifications to the ground flora. Plant species were recorded from a total of 84 transects into the centre of the woods, of which 59 were taken from the arable–woodland interface and 25 were taken from non-arable land or woodland rides. Ellenberg indicator and CSR values were used to infer fertility and features of the environment. Results suggested that, after adjusting for light and moisture conditions, elevated nitrogen levels might occur in ancient woodlands to a distance of at least 100 m from arable farmland. Furthermore, the transects from the arable fields had a substantially altered herb-layer with respect to species composition, notably a greater percentage cover of ruderal and nitrophilous species, and a lower cover of stress tolerator species. Smaller woods contained a greater cover of competitor and nitrophilous species and a lower cover of stress tolerators and ancient woodland indicator species. We conclude that farming may be unwittingly modifying the ground flora of ancient woodlands adjacent to arable land and that small and irregularly shaped woods are most at risk. It is recommended that farmers apply agrochemicals in such a way that drift is minimised, and that large, valuable ancient woods be protected by a substantial buffer zone.     

The effect of bioaugmentation on the performance of sequencing batch reactor and sludge characteristics in the treatment process of papermaking wastewater

In this paper, the differences between reinforced sequencing batch reactor, which was inoculated with superior mixed flora, and conventional sequencing batch reactor were compared in the process of treating papermaking wastewater under similar conditions. The results showed that the addition of superior mixed flora could not only shorten the sludge acclimation time, but also improve the treatment efficiency of reactor as well as make the reactor have higher ability to withstand high volume loading rate; the phenomenon of aerobic granulation only occurred in reinforced sequencing batch reactor, and superior mixed flora were the key reason that aerobic granular sludge could shape; aerobic granular sludge had many advantages over conventional activated sludge such as it possessed compacter microbial structure, better settling performance, and lower water content.     

中国广西石灰岩地区苦苣苔科一新种——鹿寨唇柱苣苔

描述了中国广西石灰岩地区苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)1新种--鹿寨唇柱苣苔(Chirita luzhaiensis Yah Lin,Y.S.Huang & W.B.Xu).该种与桂林唇柱苣苔(Chirita gueilinensis W.T.Wang)相似,但叶面被长柔毛和短柔毛,花药无毛,花丝近基部膝状弯曲,退化雄蕊3枚,无毛,花期12月至次年1月可与后者区别.目前,鹿寨唇柱苣苔仅见于广西鹿寨县中渡镇的两个石灰岩山洞中.     

黄瓜香水、醇提取液对肠道菌群的调整作用的比较

目的研究不同溶剂提取黄瓜香有效成分的作用效果,以期能更好提高药物的利用度。方法用盐酸林可霉素制造小鼠菌群失调模型,然后分别用黄瓜香的水、醇提取物治疗,比较治疗效果。结果醇提取物和水提取物均能调整肠道菌群平衡,与自然恢复组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且醇提取物组效果要优于水提取物组(P0.05)。结论黄瓜香醇提取物是理想的微生态调节剂。     

基于飞行质谱分析技术对小鼠肠道菌群蛋白组分分析的初步探讨

目的应用飞行质谱分析技术对小鼠肠道菌群蛋白组分进行分析,探讨肠道菌群定性、定量和蛋白组学分析方法。方法实验分为抗生素干预组与正常对照组。抗生素干预组小鼠用400 mg/ml头孢曲松钠灌服,每次0.2 ml,每日2次,间隔6 h,连续8 d。收集2组小鼠盲肠内容物菌群细胞,采用飞行质谱分析技术进行肠道菌群蛋白组分分析,采用传统培养法对2组优势菌群进行定量分析。结果抗生素干预组的肠道菌群菌细胞的有效蛋白峰出峰的数量与正常对照组比对差异有统计学意义,2组小鼠的肠道菌群蛋白成分有明显的不同。抗生素干预组的肠道优势菌群数量显著低于正常对照组。结论应用飞行质谱分析技术可以快速明显区分抗生素干预小鼠与正常小鼠的肠道菌群,对肠道菌群研究和临床合理应用抗生素具有指导意义。     

Comparison of bacterial flora and enzymatic activity in faeces of infants and calves

Sixty-four breast-fed infants and 23 calves were investigated for bacteria and enzymatic activity in their faecal samples. The bacteria were measured using cultivation and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Enzymatic activity was also examined. Forty-seven (64%) infants and all the calves had high numbers of bifidobacteria (usually >9 log CFU g-1) in their faeces, but 17 infants (36%) did not have a detectable amount of the bacteria. Most of the bifidobacteria-negative infants had significant quantities of clostridia in their faecal flora. While the infants did not have significantly higher counts of bifidobacteria, the samples from calves contained significantly (P<0.05) more coliform bacteria and lactobacilli. There were also significant differences in their enzymatic activities. Bifidobacteria-positive samples had a greater alpha-glucosidase activity, while bifidobacteria-negative samples had a lower activity of alpha-galactosidase, and calf samples had the highest beta-glucuronidase activity. A significant increase in bifidobacteria in calf faeces between days 3 and 7 was accompanied by a decrease in Escherichia coli. Our results show that the faecal flora of calves is similar to that of infants with regard to the occurrence of bifidobacteria as a dominant bacterial group.     

Reproductive modes of three Ligularia weeds (Asteraceae) in grasslands in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their implications for grassland management

Ligularia virgaurea, L. sagitta and L. przewalskii are noxious weeds that are widely distributed in psychro-grasslands in the east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. However, little is known about reproductive modes and genetic diversity in the populations of L. virgaurea and L. sagitta under different environmental conditions, although such information is available for L. przewalskii. In this study, two experiments were conducted to examine the ex situ clonal growth of these weeds, and to determine the effects of reproductive modes on the diversity of their populations, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Transplanted seedlings of L. sagitta and L. virgaurea showed considerable clonal growth by forming rhizomes and ramets. The RAPD analysis showed that all individuals collected from natural populations were genetically different, indicating that no individuals originated from clonal growth. It is concluded that L. virgaurea and L. sagitta have the capacity for clonal growth, but the expression of their clonality is constrained by their growing conditions in natural grasslands. Sexual reproduction plays the major role in their population diversity in natural habitats, which requires that the control measures for these weeds should be targeted at the sexually reproducing populations.     

Recent Fluctuations in Distribution and Biomass of Cold and Warm Temperature Species of Laminarialean Algae at Cape Ohma, Northern Honshu, Japan

The Cape Ohma region of Shimokita Peninsula, the northernmost point of Honshu Island, Japan, is subject to both the warm Tsugaru Current and the cold Kurile Current. As a result, the Laminarialean flora includes both cold temperature species (Laminaria japonica Areschoug, Kjellmaniella crassifolia Miyabe and Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders) and warm temperature species (Undaria peterseniana (Kjellman) Okamura, Ecklonia stolonifera Okamura), as well as Undaria pinnatifida (Yendo) Okamura, which is distributed in both waters. The frequency of occurrence (as a measure of distribution) and the biomass of these species were recorded in June 1976 (at 50 points in depths between 8–30 m), July 1988 (192 points, 2.5–25 m) and July 2001 (78 points, 2.5–25 m). Comparison of these data revealed a decrease in cold temperature species and an increase in warm temperature species from 1976 or 1988 to 2001. Long-term data of seawater temperature measured at 5 m depth near the study site showed that mean temperatures in the middle of winter (late January to February) in 1989–2000 were 0.9–1.1 ^∘C higher than those in 1980–1988. Higher seawater temperatures in the last decade appear to have affected the frequency of occurrence and biomass of the Laminarialean species along the coasts of Cape Ohma. This result supported our previous conclusion that 1 ^∘C higher mean seawater temperature in late January caused a decrease in the biomass of L. japonica (by ca. 64%) along the same coast.