替代学派生物地理学几种研究方法简介

历史生物地理学就其基本原理、概念和研究方法可大致分为以过程为导向的传播学派和以式样为导向的替代学派。本文简要介绍替代学派的一些基本原理和概念,对最近半个世纪以来发展的几种替代学派生物地理学方法：泛生物地理学、更新世森林避难所理论、分支生物地理学以及特有性的简约性分析法的原理、方法作了简要的介绍和评论。     

土壤养分循环实地采样调查方法

讨论了一种在区域尺度上研究生态系统中土壤养分循环的样区采样及调查方法.即在满足土壤养分循环研究所要求的代表性、重现性、随机性及时间性等原则的基础上,利用地形图及航空照片等资料,在区域中选定合适面积和数量的样区后,在各样区内按统一标准采集土壤和植物样品.考虑区域土壤养分循环受自然环境条件和社会经济条件等因素的制约,野外采样过程中有必要对采样单元的实地情况进行调查记载,并就样区内所有农户的基本状况、种植业结构及肥料投入等有关土壤养分循环的影响因子进行农户调查.对我国亚热带农业生态系统中土壤养分循环进行了案例研究,探讨了该采样调查方法在土壤养分循环研究中的应用.     

用ESR能级电子饱和法早期诊断高发肿瘤研究

用顺磁共振能级电子饱和法的饱和功率点分别对健康人、肺癌、食道癌及与肺癌相关的肺结核及矽肺5.19例的人发进行测定,并与临床诊断相比较.测定结果表明,其诊断率分别为1.66,85.24%,90.48%,27.27%,及20.00%.其中肺癌、食道癌与健康人相比较,经统计处理差异显著(P<0.001).肺癌和食道癌经治疗后其饱和功率点后移,增高明显,介于10.0—24.0mW及10.0—19.9mW者分别占71.43%、71.23%.从肺癌和食道癌治疗后的典型病例所见,饱和功率点越高、疗效越好.对食道癌高发区56例调查结果表明,饱和功率点测定结果与临床诊断一致者为39.29%,排除食道癌者为60.71%.     

酸奶中乳酸菌镜检涂片的特殊染色法

报道了酸奶中乳酸菌涂片的特殊染色法-甲苯胺蓝染色法。涂片固定后,用0．2％甲苯胺蓝染色液染色2min,然后,用1％乙酸溶液脱色数秒,即可使涂片中的菌体着奥蓝色,而背景呈现白色或无色,菌体形状十分清晰。即使涂片很厚且不均,也可清晰看到菌体。便于菌体细胞的计数,形态观察及摄影．     

浙贝母根际土壤总DNA提取和纯化方法的比较

本研究通过对6种土壤总DNA提取方法(CTAB-SDS-冻融法、玻璃珠-SDS-酚氯仿抽提法、玻璃珠-聚乙烯聚吡咯烷酮-SDS法、玻璃珠-聚乙烯聚吡咯烷酮-溶菌酶法、玻璃珠-聚乙烯聚吡咯烷酮-冻融法和UltraClean试剂盒法)和4种纯化方法(改进琼脂糖凝胶电泳法、2%聚乙烯吡咯烷酮-琼脂糖凝胶电泳法、PVPP层析柱法和低熔点琼脂糖电泳法)的比较,证明利用20 mmol/L EDTA(pH 7.5)预处理土壤后,利用CTAB-SDS-冻融法提取土壤总DNA并经改进琼脂糖凝胶电泳法纯化获得的浙贝母根际土壤总DNA的得率和纯度相对较高,达44.00 μg/g±2.65 μg/g土壤,可用于后续基于16S rDNA分析基础上的土壤微生物分子生态学的分析工作.     

氢化可的松高产菌株新月弯孢霉的选育*

应用酮康唑抗性筛选法,将经过紫外线诱变处理的甾体11β-羟基化菌株——新月弯孢霉的原生质体倾注在含有酮康唑最小抑制浓度(10μmol/L)的再生培养基平板上,再生出136株酮康唑抗性突变株。其中氢化可的松转化率高于出发菌株的有14株,正向突变率达到10．3％,同时获得了氢化可的松转化率为出发菌株1．42倍的遗传稳定突变株KA-91。     

C- and Aδ-fibre mediated thermal perception: response to rate of temperature change using method of limits

Studies investigating the effect of rate of temperature change on thermal thresholds have used a variety of different methods and threshold combinations, and many display incomplete reporting of statistical analyses. It has been suggested that C- and A &#105 -fibre mediated thresholds differ in their reaction to different rates of temperature change. Ten healthy female volunteers (aged 18-26 years; mean 21 &#45 S.D. 2.53) undertook cold sensation (CS), warm sensation (WS), cold pain (CP) and heat pain (HP) threshold determinations on the thenar eminence of the dominant hand. Rates of temperature change of 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 4°C/s were used, with a modified method of limits. Adaptation temperature was 32°C and thermode size 3cm &#50 3cm. Results showed a significant increase in WS, HP and CP thresholds with increased rates of temperature change (all p < 0.001), but no significant change for CS ( p = 0.653). These results suggest that thresholds with a C-fibre component (WS, HP and CP) and those that are A &#105 -fibre mediated (CS) behave differently. A traditional explanation of measurement artefact alone is insufficient in rationalizing these results, with additional factors potentially involved. Slow rates of temperature change were shown to reduce mean intra-individual differences in recorded threshold values, and also to abolish ceiling effects with HP threshold determinations. Clinically, therefore, using slow rates of temperature change with method of limits has a range of benefits over and above simply minimizing measurement artefact.     

The role of parsimony,outgroup analysis,and theory of evolution in phylogenetic systematics

It is argued that both the principle of parsimony and the theory of evolution, especially that of natural selection, are essential analytical tools in phylogenetic systematics, whereas the widely used outgroup analysis is completely useless and may even be misleading. In any systematic analysis, two types of patterns of characters and character states must be discriminated which are referred to as completely and incompletely resolved. In the former, all known species are presented in which the characters and their states studied occur, whereas in the latter this is not the case. Dependent on its structure, a pattern of characters and their states may be explained by either a unique or by various conflicting, equally most parsimonious hypotheses of relationships. The so-called permutation method is introduced which facilitates finding the conflicting, equally most parsimonious hypotheses of relationships. The utility of the principle of parsimony is limited by the uncertainty as to whether its application in systematics must refer to the minimum number of steps needed to explain a pattern of characterts and their states most parsimoniously or to the minimum number of evolutionary events assumed to have caused these steps. Although these numbers may differ, the former is usually preferred for simplicity. The types of outgroup analysis are shown to exist which are termed parsimony analysis based on test samples and cladistic type of outgroup analysis. Essentially, the former is used for analysing incompletely resolved patterns of characters and their states, the latter for analysing completely resolved ones. Both types are shown to be completely useless for rejecting even one of various conflicting, equally most parsimonious hypotheses of relationships. According to contemporary knowledge, this task can be accomplished only by employing the theory of evolution (including the theory of natural selection). But even then, many phylogenetic-systematic problems will remain unsolved. In such cases, arbitrary algorithms like those offered by phenetics can at best offer pseudosolutions to open problems. Despite its limitations, phylogenetic systematics is superior to any kind of aphylogenetic systematics (transformed cladistics included) in approaching a (not: the) “general reference system” of organisms.