肠道菌群与疾病发生及中草药调节和治疗作用的研究概述

肠道正常菌群及微生态稳定对人体极具重要性,中草药对肠道菌群具有调节作用.本文综述了人体的肠道正常菌群与疾病产生和发展的关系,结合中草药对肠道菌群调节作用的研究,探讨中药调节肠道菌群与其发挥疾病防治效果之间的相关性,以期为中草药的临床应用及药理学研究提供一定的参考依据.     

感染华支睾吸虫大鼠肠道菌群的实验研究

目的 观察华支睾吸虫感染对大鼠肠道菌群的影响.方法 建立华支睾吸虫感染大鼠模型,分别在造模后48 h、18d和35 d,取肠内容物进行乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、肠球菌和肠杆菌的培养及定量分析.结果 与对照组相比,在感染后48 h,大鼠肠道乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量减少(P＜0.05),肠球菌和肠杆菌数量略有增加,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);在感染后18 d(童虫期),乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量进一步减少(P＜0.01),肠杆菌和肠球菌数量明显增加(P＜0.01);在感染后35 d(成虫期),四种肠道菌与童虫期的变化基本一致.结论 华支睾吸虫感染可致大鼠肠道菌群发生失调,其中益生菌减少,致病菌增多,尤以童虫期、成虫期较重.     

New Caledonia: A Hot Spot for Valuable Chemodiversity Part 3: Santalales,Caryophyllales, and Asterids

The flora of New Caledonia encompasses more than 3000 plant species and an endemism of almost 80%. New Caledonia is even considered as one of the 34 ‘hot spots’ for biodiversity. Considering the current global loss of biodiversity and the fact that several drugs and pesticides become obsolete, there is an urgent need to increase sampling and research on new natural products. In this context, here, we reviewed the chemical knowledge available on New Caledonian native flora from economical perspectives. We expect that a better knowledge of the economic potential of plant chemistry will encourage the plantation of native plants for the development of a sustainable economy which will participate in the conservation of biodiversity. This review is divided into three parts, and the third part which is presented here summarizes the scientific literature related to the chemistry of endemic santalales, caryophyllales, and asterids. We show that the high rate of endemism is correlated with the originality of phytochemicals encountered in New Caledonian plants. A total of 176 original natural compounds have been identified from these plants, whereas many species have not been investigated so far. We also discuss the economic potential of plants and molecules with consideration of their medicinal and industrial perspectives. This review finally highlights several groups, such as Sapotaceae, that are unexplored in New Caledonia despite the high chemical interest in them. These plants are considered to have priority in future chemical investigations.     

Unravelling the mechanisms for plant survival on gypsum soils: an analysis of the chemical composition of gypsum plants from Turkey

Depending on their specificity to gypsum, plants can be classified as gypsophiles (gypsum exclusive) and gypsovags (non‐exclusive). The former may further be segregated into wide and narrow gypsophiles, depending on the breadth of their distribution area. Narrow gypsum endemics have a putative similar chemical composition to plants non‐exclusive to gypsum (i.e. gypsovags), which may indicate their similar ecological strategy as stress‐tolerant plant refugees on gypsum. However, this hypothesis awaits testing in different regions of the world. We compared the chemical composition of four narrow gypsum endemics, one widely distributed gypsophile and six gypsovags from Turkey. Further, we explored the plasticity in chemical composition of Turkish gypsovags growing on high‐ and low‐gypsum content soils. Differences were explored with multivariate analyses (RDA) and mixed models (REML). Narrow gypsum endemics segregated from gypsovags in their chemical composition according to RDAs (mainly due to higher K and ash content in the former). Nevertheless, differences were small and disappeared when different nutrients were analysed individually. All the gypsovags studied accumulated more S and ash when growing on high‐gypsum than on low‐gypsum soils. Similar to narrow gypsum endemics from other regions of the world, most local gypsum endemics from Turkey show a similar chemical composition to gypsovags. This may indicate a shared ecological strategy as stress‐tolerant plants not specifically adapted to gypsum. Nevertheless, the narrow gypsum endemic Gypsophila parva showed a chemical composition typical of gypsum specialists, indicating that various strategies are feasible within narrowly distributed gypsophiles.     

Outcrossing potential between 11 important genetically modified crops and the Chilean vascular flora

The potential impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on biodiversity is one of the main concerns in an environmental risk assessment (ERA). The likelihood of outcrossing and pollen‐mediated gene flow from GM crops and non‐GM crops are explained by the same principles and depend primarily on the biology of the species. We conducted a national‐scale study of the likelihood of outcrossing between 11 GM crops and vascular plants in Chile by use of a systematized database that included cultivated, introduced and native plant species in Chile. The database included geographical distributions and key biological and agronomical characteristics for 3505 introduced, 4993 native and 257 cultivated (of which 11 were native and 246 were introduced) plant species. Out of the considered GM crops (cotton, soya bean, maize, grape, wheat, rice, sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato), only potato and tomato presented native relatives (66 species total). Introduced relative species showed that three GM groups were formed having: a) up to one introduced relative (cotton and soya bean), b) up to two (rice, grape, maize and wheat) and c) from two to seven (sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato). In particular, GM crops presenting introduced noncultivated relative species were canola (1 relative species), alfalfa (up to 4), rice (1), tomato (up to 2) and potato (up to 2). The outcrossing potential between species [OP; scaled from ‘very low’ (1) to ‘very high’ (5)] was developed, showing medium OPs (3) for GM–native relative interactions when they occurred, low (2) for GMs and introduced noncultivated and high (4) for the grape‐Vitis vinifera GM–introduced cultivated interaction. This analytical tool might be useful for future ERA for unconfined GM crop release in Chile.     

江西金盆山自然保护区种子植物区系研究

江西金盆山自然保护区位于江西省龙南县、全南县与信丰县的交汇处,为武夷山脉与南岭山脉之间的过渡区域,保护区植物种类丰富、区系地理成分复杂。经野外实地调查、查阅相关文献资料,对保护区内种子植物的科、属、种分布区类型进行统计分析。结果表明：（1）金盆山保护区共有野生种子植物161科659属1 474种,其中裸子植物6科7属7种,占江西裸子植物总种数（83种）的8.43%,被子植物155科652属1 467种,占江西被子植物总种数（4 369种）的33.58%。（2）区系分析显示,金盆山保护区内科的分布区类型中热带分布和温带分布分别占总科数（除去世界分布）的64.22%和35.77%,热带分布占优势地位;属的分布区类型中热带分布和温带分布分别占总属数（除去世界分布）的50.95%和47.55%,二者接近平衡;种的分布区类型中热带分布种和温带分布分别占总种数（除去世界分布）的33.98%和37.15%,而且中国特有种419种,占总种比的28.88%。（3）金盆山保护区种子植物具有单种属、寡种属多,植物区系起源古老的特点,其中有寡种属212属,占总属比的32.17%;单种属374属,占总属比的56.75%;其中寡种属所含种数537种,占总种比的36.43%。（4）与邻近6个保护区的植物区系比较表明,金盆山保护区与武夷山脉的联系较南岭山脉更近,而且金盆山保护区表现出比邻近的阳际峰等武夷山脉地区热带性质更明显。     

核心微生物组的研究及利用现状

随着分子生物学和生物信息学的飞速发展,新一代测序技术可以轻松地检测不同样本中复杂的微生物分类单元。面对这些复杂而大量的微生物组数据带来的分析挑战,利用核心微生物组的方法来描述和分析样本中的核心微生物组和关键种是近年来新的研究热点,这些结果将揭示与宿主健康、生长和生产等密切相关的微生物种类,有助于深入认识微生物与宿主间的相互关系,深刻理解微生物对宿主的影响作用,更好地理解微生物组在自然生态系统中的功能。本文阐述了核心微生物组的定义、研究方法、与动植物的关系等方面的研究及利用现状,为更好地利用核心微生物组解决环境、人类健康和农业生产问题提供思路。     

肠道微生物群与2型糖尿病的研究进展

2型糖尿病(T2DM)的发病率在世界范围内迅速增加。然而,T2DM的发病机制尚不清楚。最近的证据表明肠道微生物群与肥胖和T2DM有关。有明确的证据表明肠道微生物通过对体质量、内毒素血症、胆汁酸代谢、促炎活性和胰岛素抵抗的调节而影响宿主。通过使用饮食、运动、益生菌、益生元和粪便微生物移植来调节肠道微生物群可能有助于改善宿主的葡萄糖代谢和胰岛素抵抗。但仍需要继续进行研究,以提高我们对肠道微生物群与T2DM关系的理解,并且为2型糖尿病的新治疗提供重要线索。     

肠道菌群失衡对乙型肝炎相关慢加急性肝衰竭患者 血浆降钙素原升高的影响

目的探讨肠道菌群失衡对乙型肝炎相关慢加急性肝衰竭(hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure,HBV-ACLF)患者血浆降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)水平升高的影响。方法检测29例HBV-ACLF(肝衰组)、14例慢性乙型肝炎(乙肝组)患者入院时的血浆PCT、内毒素(endotoxin,LPS)水平,收集患者新鲜尾便并通过高通量测序检测肠道菌群状况,统计分析两组患者间肠道菌群、B/E值、PCT和LPS水平的差异,以及肝衰组患者PCT、LPS、B/E值三者间的相关性。结果与乙肝组患者比较,肝衰组厚壁菌门、放线菌门、双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属等肠道细菌显著减少,而拟杆菌门、变形菌门、埃希菌属等肠道细菌过度生长,两组患者间各菌群比较差异均具有统计学意义(t=-4.84,Z=-2.84,Z=-2.57,Z=-4.39,t=3.59,t=2.64,t=2.19,P0.01、0.01、=0.01、0.01、0.01、=0.01、=0.04);肝衰组PCT[0.50(0.96)]ng/mL、LPS(0.46±0.10)EU/mL、B/E值(0.04±0.01),乙肝组PCT(0.08±0.02)ng/mL、LPS(0.05±0.02)EU/mL、B/E值(1.62±0.31),各指标两组间比较差异均具有统计学意义(Z=-3.17,t=5.88,t=16.18,P0.01、0.01、0.01);肝衰组B/E值与LPS水平呈负相关关系(r=-0.81,P0.01),B/E值与PCT水平呈负相关关系(r=-0.79,P0.01),且PCT水平与LPS呈正相关关系(r=0.76,P0.01)。结论 HBV-ACLF患者肠道菌群失衡导致肠源性LPS生成增多,而肠源性LPS促使PCT产生增多。