一种重组抗胰蛋白酶单体人胰岛素突变体的设计、制备和鉴定

用缺口双链DNA的定向突变方法分别将胰岛素前体中B链第 2 2、2 8、2 9和 3 0位改变为Asp、Lys、Pro和Lys,酵母分泌表达的前体经胰蛋白酶直接酶切 ,得到重组 [B2 2Asp、B2 8Lys、B2 9Pro、B3 0Lys]人胰岛素。它与受体的结合能力约为猪胰岛素的 6% ,而体内生物活力保留 5 0 %。通过FPLC分子筛测定其自身结合能力 ,在生理条件下浓度达 10 -4mol/L时它以单体形式存在。作为可抗胰蛋白酶酶解的单体胰岛素类似物 ,它可能具有一定的应用前景     

Metal-mediated and metal-catalyzed hydrolysis of nitriles

The essential goals of this review are the following: (i) to verify various factors which affect the metal-mediated hydrolysis of organonitriles; (ii) to draw attention to unusual conversions of RCN species, yet underdeveloped and non-systematic, which involve hydrolysis and lead to compounds of synthetic and/or pharmacological significance. The metal-mediated and/or metal-catalyzed reactions of RCN species are surveyed and the experimental material on metal-mediated hydration of RCN species at diverse metal centers along the Periodic Table is summarized in a tabular form.     

A cross-sectional survey among patients and prescribers on insulin dosing irregularities and impact of mild (self-treated) hypoglycemia episodes in Spanish patients with type 2 diabetes as compared to other European patients

Background and objectiveIn Spain, data suggest that 13.8% of adults have diabetes. Two important aspects in diabetes management are mild hypoglycemic episodes and poor treatment adherence. This study assesses the impact of missed insulin doses and prevalence of mistimed and reduced insulin doses and mild hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin analogues in Spain, and compares the data collected to pooled data from 8 other European countries (OECs).Materials and methodsGAPP2 was an international, online, cross-sectional study of diabetic patients aged ≥40 years treated with long-acting insulin analogues and their healthcare professionals. Patients and healthcare professionals were recruited from online research panels. Data reported in Spain are compared to pooled data from 8 OECs.ResultsIn Spain, 1–3% of patients reported they had reduced, missed, or mistimed at least one insulin does in the previous month. Significantly more OEC patients reported dosing irregularities (15–23%; all P < 0.01). In Spain, 77% of patients were worried and 59% felt guilty for missing a dose of basal insulin, while 24% reported that they were very worried about nocturnal hypoglycemia. Significantly fewer OEC patients reported worrying (47%; P < 0.01) and feeling guilty (37%; P < 0.01) about missing an insulin dose, or worry about nocturnal hypoglycemia (12%; P < 0.01).ConclusionsIn Spain, patients with type 2 diabetes report fewer dosing irregularities and hypoglycemic episodes as compared to patients from OECs. However, Spanish patients appear to have a reduced quality of life related to hypoglycemia as well as worry and guilt related to insulin dosing irregularities.     

Essential‐Oil Composition of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don ssp. italicum from Elba Island (Tuscany,Italy)

The composition of 21 essential‐oil samples isolated from Helichrysum italicum collected in seven locations of Elba Island (Tuscany, Italy), characterized by different soil types, during three different periods (January, May, and October 2010) was determined by GC‐FID and GC/EI‐MS analyses. In total, 115 components were identified, representing 96.8–99.8% of the oil composition. The oils were characterized by a high content of oxygenated monoterpenes (38.6–62.7%), while monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons accounted for 2.3–41.9 and 5.1–20.1% of the identified constituents, respectively. The main oxygenated derivatives were nerol (2.8–12.8%) and its ester derivative neryl acetate (5.6–45.9%). To compare the chemical variability of the species within Elba Island and between the island and other localities within the Mediterranean area, studied previously, multivariate statistical analysis was performed. The results obtained showed a difference in the composition of the essential oils of H. italicum from Elba Island, mainly due to the environment where the plant grows, and, in particular, to the soil type. These hypotheses were further confirmed by the comparison of these oils with essential oils obtained from H. italicum collected on other islands of the Tuscan archipelago.     

Actualización de la neumonía en el anciano

The incidence of pneumonia increases with age and contributes to morbidity and mortality in the elderly. In our setting, pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death and the fourth most common diagnosis at discharge from acute hospitals. This article reviews current concepts in management of pneumonia in the elderly: healthcare-associated pneumonia, aspiration and oropharyngeal dysphagia, risk stratification, and indications of radiological, microbiological and biological markers. We present current evidence on antibiotic treatment (when to start, empirical coverage, duration, new drugs and combinations) and adjuvant treatment (steroids, early mobilization, oral hygiene, prevention and treatment of aspiration and cardiac complications). We emphasize preventive aspects and considerations regarding palliative treatment.     

越冬代亚洲玉米螟成虫发生动态及其与温度关系初探——以通辽市开鲁县为例

为明确亚洲玉米螟越冬代成虫发生动态及其与温度的关系,于2007-2016年利用频振式杀虫灯结合当地气象数据进行系统调查与分析。结果表明,自然条件下内蒙古通辽地区越冬代玉米螟成虫始见期在6月初(6月5日左右),高峰期在6月下旬(6月26日左右),终见期为7月中旬(7月14日左右),整个成虫期有效温度累积范围在150.0℃~750.0℃之间,高峰期集中在350.0℃~450.0℃的范围内。总的来看,越冬代成虫始见期与高峰期与吉林省中部地区大体相同,终见期稍晚于吉林中部地区但早于黑龙江哈尔滨地区。通辽与吉林中部地区越冬代成虫期(均40 d左右)约比黑龙江哈尔滨地区短10 d。可见,各地越冬代玉米螟成虫发生期的早晚和持续时间长短因地而异,同一地区受年份间的气温变化其也会出现差异。     

葱属蔬菜植物风味前体物质的合成途径及调节机制

葱属蔬菜植物风味前体物质S-烃基半胱氨酸亚砜是一类非蛋白含硫氨基酸(蒜氨酸类物质),在蒜氨酸酶的作用下形成独特的刺激性风味成分。现对风味前体物质的种类、功能、组织和亚细胞定位以及合成途径及合成过程的调控等方面的研究进展给予概述。     

金龙胆草提取液体外抑菌活性分析

金龙胆草是传统道地中药材,但目前受到材料来源不足的限制,其应用和研究均受到很大限制,为更好地开发和应用该道地中药材,本研究以实验室野生金龙胆草和组培金龙胆草出发,分别采用热水浴和索式提取法对金龙胆草有效成份进行了提取和体外抑菌活性研究。结果表明,热水浴浸提法的抑菌效果优于索式提取法,均表现出对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌这类革兰氏阳性菌有很好的抑制效果,最小抑菌浓度分别达到12.5 mg/mL和50 mg/mL。野生型提取液和组培型的提取液体外抑菌比较实验显示,野生型金龙胆草的抑菌效果要显著优于组培型金龙胆草提取液。这将为金龙胆草作为中药抗菌药的合理利用提供一定的指导作用,同时为减少抗生素的滥用造成的环境污染作出一定的贡献。