The Vermetidae of the Gulf of Kachchh,western coast of India (Mollusca,Gastropoda)

Coral reefs are often termed underwater wonderlands due to the presence of an incredible biodiversity including numerous invertebrates and vertebrates. Among the dense population of benthic and bottom-dwelling inhabitants of the reef, many significant species remain hidden or neglected by researchers. One such example is the vermetids, a unique group of marine gastropods. The present study attempts for the first time to assess the density and identify preferred reef substrates in the Gulf of Kachchh, state of Gujarat, on the western coast of India. A total of three species of the family Vermetidae were recorded during the study and their substrate preferences identified.     

Effects of Elevated Temperature on the Shell Density of the Large Benthic Foraminifera Amphistegina lobifera

This study investigated the effects of elevated temperature on shell density and Mg‐ATPase activity of Amphistegina lobifera. This species is abundant in shallow reef habitats, and can be vulnerable to daily physicochemical fluctuations. To assess potential responses and acclimation mechanisms of A. lobifera to changing temperature conditions, we performed a blocked‐design experiment exposing specimens collected from different reef sites (inshore and offshore) to three temperature treatments (Control: 24 °C, + 2 °C: 26 °C and + 5 °C: 29 °C) for 30 days. The final size and shell density of inshore reef foraminifera were unaffected by elevated temperature, and the enzyme activity in these individuals showed that they were able to acclimate to new temperature conditions. In contrast, offshore A. lobifera were more sensitive to changes in temperature, and heat stress caused growth impairment and inhibited Mg‐ATPase activity. However, newly added chambers were not affected. These results suggested that Mg‐ATPase plays an important role in regulating intracellular Mg²⁺ ions, but has little influence in the onset of calcification in A. lobifera. Moreover, it suggests that even though A. lobifera can regulate intracellular functions, local habitat seems to play a crucial role in determining how foraminifera respond to environmental changes.     

Youngest early carboniferous (late Visean) shallow-water patch reefs in eastern Australia (Rockhampton Group, Queensland): Combining quantitative micro- and macro-scale data

Summary Although skeletal organisms have received most of the emphasis in studies on Phanerozoic roef history, the roles of non-skeletal (non-enzymatic) carbonates (e.g., synsedimentary cements, automicrite, microbialite, etc.) in reef framework construction are becoming increasingly better understood. One problem in understanding the role of non-enzymatic carbonates in reef construction has been the difficulty in recognizing them in reef facies. Whereas skeletal organisms commonly can be recognized and documented in the field, non-enzymatic carbonates may be recognizable only in thin section. This paper describes the application of a new sampling technique that allows the quantitative comparison of skeletal macrofauna and flora with associated non-enzymatic carbonates and other microfaunal/microfloral constituents. The technique involves the point counting of thin sections made from small diameter cores that are systematically recovered from grids and line transects that cover a reasonable area (m²) of reef facies. Small, shallow-water patch reefs are abundant in scattered oolitic intervals in the Lower Carboniferous strata of eastern Australia. The youngest known Carboniferous reefs in eastern Australia occur in uppermost Visean strata (limestone FC5) near the top of the Rockhampton Group, approximately 50 km west-northwest of Rockhampton, Queensland. The largest sampled reef was 15 m thick and 42 m in diameter, with synsedimentary relief above the sea floor of at least 2 m during the primary growth phase. The reef occurs within bioclasticoolitic grainstones representing a shallow shelf setting and consists of eight common framework microfacies: 1) coral boundstone; 2) bryozoan boundstone; 3) mixed crinoid-bryozoan boundstone; 4) tubular problematica boundstone; 5) sponge-automicrite boundstone; 6) encrusted thrombolite boundstone; 7) mixed automicrite boundstone; and 8) thrombolitic wackestone-packstone. Reef growth was initiated by automicrite-producing biofilms, sponges and a tubular problematic organism. Primary relief building was accomplished by automicrite-dominated frameworks and lithistid sponges, crinoids, and corals. Large cerioidAphrophyllum coral colonies had a heterogeneous distribution through the reef. The framework of the main relief-bearing portion of the reef consists on average of 44.4% automicrite and automicrite-bound detritus, excluding automicrite-bound sponge body fossils, and at most 19.6% skeletal organisms in growth position (minimum of 7.2%). If sponge body fossils are included as automicrite framework, because they are preserved only as a result of automicrite formation, the percentage of automicrite and bound sediment is 54.9%. A smaller sampled reef consisting of the same basic facies had 39.5% automicrite and automicrite-bound sediment in its fremework (50.2% including sponges) and, at most, 33.4% skeletal organisms in growth position (minimum of 22.7%). The greater volume of skeletal framework in the small reef reflects a greater proportion of large corals. Of framebuilding skeletal organisms, automicrite-preserved lithistid and other sponges and cerioid rugose corals provided the greatest volume. However, crinoid holdfasts were the most widespread skeletal framework components. The dominant framework facies are sponge-automicrite boundstone, encrusted thrombolite, boundstone, mixed automicrite boundstone, and coral boundstone. The reefs are similar in overall framework construction and ecological succession to slightly older Visean reefs in eastern Australia and to some of the late Visean reefs of northern England. Surprisingly, framework similarities also exist between the reefs and certain thrombolite-lithistid-coral reefs of the European Jurassic.     

A Taxonomic Study on the Genus Polygala L. in China

The present paper deals with the history of taxonomy, groos morphology, pollen morphology, distribution, system and taxonomic treatment of the genus Polygala L. from China. Three subgenera, 4 sections, 41 species and 8 varieties are recognized in this treatment, of which 2 sections are described as new. The system of Chinese species of Polygala L. is proposed as follow: Subgen. 1. Chamaebuxus (DC.)Duchartre (Typus: Polygala chamaebuxus L.) Sect. 1. Arillus S. K. Chen, sect. nov. (Typus: Polygala arillata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don). This section consists of about 20 species, distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Asia and Africa, with 7 species found in South China. Subgen. 2. Pseudosemeiocardium (Adema) J. Chetek et B. Krisa( Typus: Polygala furcata Royle). Sect. 1. Villososperma C. Y. Wu et S. K. Chen (Typus: Polygala wattersii Hance ). There are 3 species in this section, distributed in S. China and N. Vietnam. Sect. 2. Saxicola S. K. Chen, sect.nov. (Typus: Polygala saxicola Dunn). This section consists of 8 species, among which P. tricornis Gagnep. and P. saxicola Dunn are distributed in both Vietnam and China, and the other 6 species are endemic to China. Sect. 3. Pseudosemeiocardium ( Typus: Polygala furcata Royle). This section consists of about 7 species, distributed in SW China, extending from Indo-China Peninsula, southward to Malay, the Philippines, Indonesia and New Guinea, westward to the southern slope of the Himalayas and N. India, northward to Japan. Subgen. 3. Polygala (Typus: Polygala vulgaris L. ). 400 species or more belong to this cosmopolitan subgenus. Most species are found in America and Africa, with 18 species discovered in China. Taxonomic evidence: The characters of flowers, fruits and seeds, the indumentum of seeds and presence or absence of caruncles are stable and also correlated with one another. There is a certain combination of the above-mentioned characters in a given group, which provide reliable evidence for the infrageneric division. A good example is the Polygala arillata group, grown under the tropical and subtropical forests, which has large, yellow flowers, with sepals fallen after blossom. The flower has carinas with a cristate appendix, which is of 2-9 long narrow pieces. The seeds are spherical, with a hooded caruncle. Its fruits are of annuloid stripes. (Fig. 1). The Polygala tenuifolia Willd. group, cosmopolitan in distribution, has a middle-sized, purple or yellow flower with persistent sepals. Cristate appendix of carina is usually fimbricate. The seed in the group is oblong or subovoid, with a trilobate caruncle. Carpels of the fruits of this group are without annuloid stripes(Fig. 3). The third group, Polygala saxicola group, is between the two as indicated above. The group has a small, yellow or occasionally purplecolored flower, with sepals fallen after blossom or sometimes with a persistent outer sepal. The cristate appendix of carina is lamellar or cucullate. The seed of the group is sometimes with pubescences and hooded caruncles sometimes with hirtoselike villoses and no caruncle (Fig. 2) pollen morphology and systematic treatments: The pollen morphology of the domestic Polygala seems to support division of Polygala L. into three groups as follows: A. Pollen grains subspheroidal, 10-19-colpate, colpi usually rather wide, relatively psilate in the polar area; B. Pollen grains reniform, 22-26-colpate, sculptural in the polar area; C. Pollen grains long-spheroidal or subspheroidal, 9- 23-colpate, with long and deep colpi, which usually extend to the relatively psilate polar area. The pollen morphology is naturally correlated with the morphology of flowers, fruits and seeds. Based on these, three subgenera and four sections no subdivision in Subgen. Polygala)are recognized.     

The Geographical Distribution and the System of Aristolochiaceae

The geographical distribution, the center of distribution and differentiation of Aristolochiaceae, its subdivision and evolutionary trends are discussed in this paper. I. The systematic positions, the distribution patterns and the relationships among six genera in the family Aristolochiaceae, i.e. Saruma, Asarum, Thottea, Holostylis, Aristolochia and Euglypha, are discussed, and according to the floristic analysis two patterns and five subpatterns of distribution of the six genera in the family are recognized. They are: 1) Temperate pattern: a. Eastern Asia (China): Saruma; b. North Temperate (disjunct in Europe, E. Asia and N. America): Asarum. 2) Tropical pattern: c. Tropical Asia: Thottea; d. Tropical America: Holostylis, Euglypha; e. Pantropic: Aristolochia. 2. The floristic analysis of species in the family shows that the region, the richest both in genera, species and endemic species, as Takhtajan's (1969) work pointed out, is East Asia (see Table 1); and the species in the Old World, especially in East Asia, are primitive elements. Four genera and 91 species of this family occur in China, and especially more primitive elements are found from the Hengduan Mountains to South China, as C. Y. Wu's (1979) work mentioned (see Table 2). 3. The primary center of the distribution and differentiation of this family is East Asia (especially in the region from the Hengduan Mountains to C. and S. China), since four genera and 214 species are found in Asia, and three genera and 73 species of the family, including the most primitive genus Saruma and the more primitive genus Asarum occur in the region from the Hengduan Mountains to C. and S. China. The secondary center of distribution and differentiation is Tropical America, because species found there are only relatively advanced ones. For this reason this family should be considered as a mainly tropical family rather than a typically tropical one, though 80 percent of the total species of the family are now distributed in the tropics. 4. The evolutionary trends in the family are: the perianth from actinomorphic to zygomorphic, from free to united, from cup-like to tubular; stamens from indefinite to definite, from free to united with pistil in the gynostemium; and the fruit from follicular capsule to capsule. Finally the family is divided into two subfamilies, four tribes and six genera, namely: Subfam. 1. Asaroideae Gen. 3. Thottea Rottb. Trib. 1. Sarumeae Schmidt Subfam. 2. Aristolochioideae Gen. 1. Saruma Oliv. Trib. 4. Aristolochieae Trib. 2. Asareae Gen. 4. Holostylis Duch. Gen. 2. Asarum Linn. Gen. 5. Aristolochia Linn. Trib. 3. Bragantieae Klotz. Gen. 6. 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Study on Life-Form Spectrum of Plant Community in Dongling Mountain

According to the classification system of life-form provided by Raunkiaer, Danmark ecologist, the life-form of plant communities in Dongling Mountain was analysed, and the life-form spectrum was organized. Ordination and classification of the life-form of plant community were done by principle component analysis (PCA) and systemic cluster analysis. The relationship between environmental factors (climate and soil) and plant life-form gradient was analysed by double sieving progressive regression method, and mathematical models were set up. The results showed that the characters of life-form of plant community were conformed to the general regular pattern of warm temperate plant life-form of the world, i. e the hemicryptophyte occupies highest percentage in the community. The result of ordination and classification of life-form of plant community is similar to the result of those of plant species of the community. The reaction to temperature gradient is most sensitive in geophyte and mid-phaenerophyte, less in little-phaenerophyte. The reaction to moisture gradientis most sensitive in chamaephyte and short-phaenerophyte. The percenage of hemicryptophyte is relatively stable in this area, indicating a strong binding force of the zones. The statistical models of elevant and life-form spectrum of plant community are better correlated with the mid-phaenerophyte, short-phaenerophyte and geophyte.     

A Preliminary Study on the Taxonomy of the Family Magnoliaceae

A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed. This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology. Different authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I). Since I have been engaged in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family. According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors. The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic. In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan. Moreover, one genus (Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region. The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world. The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family. Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus. These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae. It is worthwhile discussing their morphological characters and distributional patterns as follows: The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel. This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae. Eighteen out of a total of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis and M. megaphylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang. There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7). The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole. The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas and northeast India. The evergreen species are distributed from northeast Yunnan (China) to the Malay Archipelago. In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primitive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, anthers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few. Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to the second largest genus of the family. About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca, and M. flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center of the family under discussion) and extend eastwards to Taiwan of China, southern Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China. westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7). The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan and radiate from there. The farther away from the centre, the less members we are able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology. In this old geographical centre there are more primitive species, more endemics and more monotypic genera. Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan, China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world.     

浑太流域洪涝灾害及其治理方略

抚顺、鞍山、辽阳等在内的中部城市群提供年用水量７．０×１０９ｍ３的７０％［５］,对辽宁经济发展与生态环境建设具有至关重要的作用．本文试图剖析浑河、太子河洪涝灾害问题,找出其成因与特点,从生态与工程结合角度提出治理方略,为防洪减灾,振兴经济服务．２　洪涝灾害成因分析２．１　洪涝灾害的一般分析　　洪涝灾害是天降暴雨和下垫面综合作用的结果．它通常依赖气象、水文地理和生态环境三方面因素．气象因素主要指暴雨,包括雨量、雨强和降雨落区．暴雨主要受大气环境制约,目前人类难以左右．然而,通过人工控制增减局地降雨…     

Implementation of a small-scale “no-use zone” policy in a reef ecosystem: Eilat’s reef-lagoon six years later

 A small-scale, “no-use zone policy” has been implemented since 1992 at Eilat’s Coral Nature Reserve (Northern Red Sea). Six years later, the status of this closed-to-the-public reef area was compared to two nearby open-to-the-public sites, by evaluating populations of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata in the strolling zone (0.5–1.5 m depth). Results from the open sites show that: (1) Live coral cover was three times lower than at the closed site; (2) numbers of small colonies (recruits) were significantly higher than in the closed site, while numbers of medium and large size colonies (geometric mean radius, rˉ>4.1 cm) per m² were significantly lower; (3) maximum rˉ was almost half than that in the closed site (9.6 cm versus 16.7 cm); (4) average number of broken colonies was three times higher than in the closed site; (5) significantly fewer colonies were partially dead. The latter result may reflect senescence processes in the large colonies of the closed site. Although colony breakage is reduced, it appears that the “no-use zone” policy is not sufficient for protecting small reef areas. The intense exploitation of Eilat’s coral reef by the tourist industry requires’ in addition to the conventional protective measures, the initiation of novel management solutions such as reef restoration by sexual and asexual recruits. Accepted: 11 August 1999