改良半椎板切除法建立大鼠腰神经根压迫模型

目的探讨改良半椎板切除法建立大鼠腰神经根压迫模型的优势和特点。方法选用SD大鼠40只,随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组采用改良半椎板切除法建立大鼠腰神经根压迫模型,对照组则采用全椎板切除法,通过观察两组建模手术时间、术中出血量、伤口愈合情况、死亡率、大鼠下肢神经功能、神经根组织病理改变及TNF-α及IL-1在细胞质中灰度值表达水平评估两种方法的效果。结果实验组在建模手术时间、术中出血量、伤口愈合状况、死亡率明显少于对照组(P0.01),而大鼠下肢神经功能、神经根组织病理改变及TNF-α及IL-1在细胞质中灰度值表达水平无明显差异,同时,实验组所需的切口小,脊柱后方软组织破坏少。结论采用改良半椎板切除法可保证成功建立大鼠腰神经根压迫模型,并且这一改良方法具有手术时间短,伤口愈合快,出血量少,软组织破坏少,死亡率低等优点,这一改良方法更注重动物伦理。     

Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease

In patients with end-stage heart failure (HF), a total artificial heart (TAH) may be implanted as a bridge to cardiac transplant. However, in congenital heart disease (CHD), the malformed heart presents a challenge to TAH implantation. In the case presented here, a 17 year-old patient with congenital transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) experienced progressively worsening HF due to his congenital condition. He was hospitalized multiple times and received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). However, his condition soon deteriorated to end-stage HF with multisystem organ failure. Due to the patient''s grave clinical condition and the presence of complex cardiac lesions, the decision was made to proceed with a TAH. The abnormal arrangement of the patient''s ventricles and great arteries required modifications to the TAH during implantation.With the TAH in place, the patient was able to return home and regain strength and physical well-being while awaiting a donor heart. He was successfully bridged to heart transplantation 5 months after receiving the device. This report highlights the TAH is feasible even in patients with structurally abnormal hearts, with technical modification.     

Histopathology findings in common marmosets (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Callithrix jacchus</Emphasis> Linnaeus, 1758) with chronic weight loss associated with bile tract obstruction by infestation with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platynosomum</Emphasis> (Loos, 1907)

Chronic weight loss in marmosets is often associated with wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS), an important disease that occurs in callitrichid colonies around the world. Even though its etiology is very difficult to determine, particular variables, such as weight loss, diarrhea and alopecia, associated or not with infestation in the pancreatic ducts with Trichospirura leptossoma (Nematoda: Thelazioidea), seem to be linked with the syndrome. This study investigated the histopathology of the lungs, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts and pancreatic ducts of six common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) suffering from severe non-diarrheic weight loss. Three individuals died naturally and the other three were euthanized. Microscopic findings showed the presence of adult flukes (Platynosomum) in the liver. These flukes, which provoke common infection in cats, were also observed inside the gallbladder as well as in the intra and extrahepatic bile ducts in common marmosets. Portal fibrosis was observed in two animals, which developed chronic fibrosing hepatopathy (biliary pattern, grade 3). The disease progresses without diarrhea and without pancreatic lesions or infestation. With the progression, the animals presented with ascending cholangitis, cholestasis and portal fibrosis, sometimes culminating in secondary biliary cirrhosis. Therefore, this infirmity, associated with chronic weight loss in common marmosets, could be another etiological factor linked with WMS.     

The renal cortical interstitium: morphological and functional aspects

The renal interstitial compartment, situated between basement membranes of epithelia and vessels, contains two contiguous cellular networks. One network is formed by interstitial fibroblasts, the second one by dendritic cells. Both are in intimate contact with each other. Fibroblasts are interconnected by junctions and connected to basement membranes of vessels and tubules by focal adhesions. Fibroblasts constitute the "skeleton" of the kidney. In the renal cortex, fibroblasts produce erythropoietin and are distinguished from other interstitial cells by their prominent F-actin cytoskeleton, abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and by ecto-5'-nucleotidase expression in their plasma membrane. The resident dendritic cells belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system and fulfil a sentinel function. They are characterized by their expression of MHC class II and CD11c. The central situation of fibroblasts suggests that signals from tubules, vessels, and inflammatory cells converge in fibroblasts and elicit an integrated response. Following tubular damage and inflammatory signals fibroblasts proliferate, change to the myofibroblast phenotype and increase their collagen production, potentially resulting in renal fibrosis. The acquisition of a profibrotic phenotype by fibroblasts in renal diseases is generally considered a main causal event in the progression of chronic renal failure. However, it might also be seen as a repair process.     

Foraging for space and avoidance of physical obstructions by plant roots: a comparative study of grasses from contrasting habitats

Physical obstructions that reduce space for root growth can profoundly affect plant performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of roots to avoid obstructions and forage for usable space, and to reveal the mechanism involved. Eight grass species from four genera were examined. Each genus included species characteristic of habitats with high and low nutrient availability. The ability to limit root mass and to adjust morphology within substrate containing obstructions in the form of gravel was investigated. A treatment with activated carbon, which adsorbs organic compounds, was used to examine the possible involvement of root exudates in responses to obstructions. Only species characteristic of nutrient-poor habitats restricted placement of root mass in substrate containing obstructions, and this response disappeared in the presence of activated carbon. Root morphological responses to obstructions differed from those shown in response to nutrient-poor conditions or compacted soil. These results suggest that the ability to avoid obstructions is dependent on the sensitivity of roots to their own exudates accumulating in the vicinity of obstructions. This is similar to other behavioural responses in which cues or signals are used to adjust growth before stressful conditions are encountered.     

The role of urinary KIM-1, NGAL,CA19-9 and β2-microglobulin in the assessment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in adults

Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic properties of urinary biomarkers in adults with ureteropelvic junction obstruction: KIM-1, NGAL, CA19-9, and β2-microglobulin. We also assessed urinary biomarker concentrations following pyeloplasty.

Material and methods: We prospectively studied adults from December 2013 to February 2015. We included 47 patients with a mean age of 38.6?±?12.7 years. Each patient provided four samples of voided urine for biomarker measurement, one at pre-operative consultation and the others at 1, 3, and 6 months of post-operative follow-up. The control group consisted of 40 healthy individuals with no hydronephrosis on ultrasound evaluation.

Results: KIM-1 had an area under the curve of 0.79 (95% CI 0.70–0.89), NGAL 0.71 (95% CI 0.61–0.83), CA19-9 0.70 (95% CI 0.60–0.81), and β2-microgloblin 0.61 (95% CI 0.50–0.73). KIM-1 was the most sensitive marker with a cut-off of 170.4?pg/mg creatinine (sensitivity 91.4%, specificity 59.1%), whereas CA19-9 was the most specific with a cut-off of 51.3?U/mg creatinine (sensitivity 48.9%, specificity 88.0%). Urinary concentrations of biomarkers decreased after pyeloplasty.

Conclusions: The evaluation of urinary biomarkers is useful in adults undergoing pyeloplasty. KIM-1, NGAL, and CA19-9 were elevated and significantly decreased after surgery.     

婴儿痉挛症脑干信息传导障碍的混沌学研究

婴儿痉挛症（Infantile Spasms,IS）是婴幼儿难治性癫痫。IS的发病机理至今也不清楚,目前比较一致的假说是：脑干是IS的责任结构,但该假说不能用神经生理学的传统方法来证实。从信息学的角度,婴儿弃挛症的发病机制可能是源自脑干神经信息传递障碍的脑干功能失调,为了证实这一论点,用可以反遇脑干传导功能的听觉诱发响应的相关维数,来评估脑干神经信息传导不同的功能状态,经过对IS患者、颞叶癫痫患者和健康人三个组的结果比较分析,表明IS患者脑干听觉诱发响应的相关维数明显低下,而颞叶癫痫患者该相关维数在颞叶病灶处最低。以上结果,证实了IS患者脑干神经信息传导功能障碍的存在。     

Effects of unilateral vs. bilateral resistance training interventions on measures of strength,jump, linear and change of direction speed: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Exercises can be categorized into either unilateral or bilateral movements. Despite the topic popularity, the answer to the question as to which (unilateral or bilateral) is superior for a certain athletic performance enhancement remains unclear. To compare the effect of unilateral and bilateral resistance training interventions on measures of athletic performance. Keywords related with unilateral, bilateral and performance were used to search in the Web of Science, PubMed databases, and Google Scholar and ResearchGate™ websites. 6365 articles were initially identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis, with overall article quality being deemed moderate. The quantitative analysis comprised 392 subjects (aged: 16 to 26 years). Sub-group analysis showed that unilateral exercise resistance training resulted in a large effect in improving unilateral jump performance compared to bilateral training (ES = 0.89 [0.52, 1.26]). In contrast, bilateral exercise resistance training showed a small effect in improving bilateral strength compared to unilateral (ES = -0.43 [-0.71, -0.14]). Non-significant differences were found in improving unilateral strength (ES = 0.26 [-0.03, 0.55]), bilateral jump performance (ES = -0.04 [-0.31, 0.23]), change of direction (COD) (ES = 0.31 [-0.01, 0.63]) and speed (ES = -0.12 [-0.46, 0.21]) performance. Unilateral resistance training exercises should be chosen for improving unilateral jumping performance, and bilateral resistance training exercises should be chosen for improving bilateral strength performance.     

波形蛋白在实验性肾间质纤维化上皮-间充质转分化中的表达及意义

目的明确肾脏纤维化中波形蛋白表达在上皮-间充质转分化观察中的意义。方法雄性SD大鼠12只,随机分成假手术组和模型组,模型组行单侧输尿管梗阻术。造模后14天处死大鼠,分别采用免疫组织化学染色和Western印迹法对梗阻侧肾组织波形蛋白和α平滑肌肌动蛋白作定性和定量检测。并通过体外实验用TGF-β1刺激诱导人近端小管上皮细胞株(HK-2)发生上皮-间充质转分化。采用间接免疫荧光法对E-钙粘蛋白和波形蛋白进行染色,采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞形态改变,并用蛋白印迹法定量检测HK-2细胞波形蛋白和α平滑肌肌动蛋白表达水平。结果萎缩和扩张的肾小管上皮细胞出现波形蛋白和α平滑肌肌动蛋白表达,肾组织中波形蛋白和α平滑肌肌动蛋白表达量显著增加;正常的HK-2细胞,细胞形态为不规则圆形,TGF-β1刺激后细胞伸展成长梭形;细胞α平滑肌肌动蛋白表达水平显著增加,波形蛋白表达水平无显著变化。结论体内实验研究上皮-间充质转分化,将波形蛋白作为间充质细胞标志物具有较好的参考价值,而体外研究中,其标志作用尚存在争议。     

雄性大鼠膀胱出口梗阻两种模型制作方法的比较研究

目的 通过采用耻骨后膀胱颈和会阴途径球部尿道部分结扎两种方法,建立雄性大鼠膀胱出口部分梗阻（paritial bladder outlet obstraction,pBOO）模型,并对所建模型进行鉴定和比较,为pBOO后膀胱重构（bladder reconstruction）的深入研究提供一种成活率高,复制性和稳定性较好的动物模型.方法 80只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为三组：I组为假手术组（对照组）,20只;II组为耻骨后途径膀胱颈部分结扎组,30只;III组为会阴途径球部尿道部分结扎组,30只.依据梗阻时间分别将I组、II组、III组大鼠随机分为2周组和4周组,于术后2周和4周对大鼠行尿动力学检测后,完整切除膀胱测其重量,将精囊腺组织和部分膀胱用4%甲醛固定,HE染色观察组织学变化.结果 II组和III组成活率分别为73.3%和80.0%,二者无统计学意义;I组、II组、III组建模手术时间分别为（9.75±2.29）、（17.33±3.54）、（10.77±2.44）min,II组与I组和III组比较差异均有统计学意义;I组、II组、III组的2周组和4周组逼尿肌漏尿点压（detrusor leak point pressure,DLPP）分别为（26.31±2.32）、（27.34±3.93）、（24.68±2.39）mmHg和（26..42±2.41）、（34.23±3.01）、（32.63±3.20）mmHg,I组与II组和III组的4周组比较差异有统计学意义,II组和III组的2周组和4周组比较差异均有统计学意义.结论 耻骨后途经膀胱颈部分结扎和会阴途径球部尿道部分结扎两种方法都能成功建立雄性大鼠pBOO模型,与耻骨后途径相比,会阴途径成活率高,手术操作时间短,复制性和稳定性好.