An experimental analysis of social interaction in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus)

Adult and juvenile common marmosets were introduced to unfamiliar conspecifics individually and in whole groups. In introductions using animals of the same sex, adults were mutually hostile unless they were related or socially familiar; juveniles behaved submissively to adults and little aggression was observed between juveniles. In introductions using animals of the opposite sex, males of all ages solicited females but females did not reciprocate. When whole groups were introduced, in two experiments most of the elder group members behaved aggressively and younger animals did not interact frequently; but in a third experiment, in which the adult males were related, little aggression was observed and younger animals behaved amicably. It is argued that the behavioral reactions shown by individual marmosets are related to territorial hostility and that the behavior of juveniles to adults may aid assimilation of younger animals into new groups.     

Response of Douglas fir seedlings to phosphorus fertilization and influence of temperature on this response

Summary Effects of P fertilizers on growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) seedlings were examined in pots and nursery beds. In pot experiments levels of P equivalent to 300 kg/ha were adequate for maximum growth over 14–18 weeks and resulted in available soil P levels of 80 ppm after 15 weeks' growth. Maximum growth in pots was obtained with shoot P concentrations of 0.18%–0.20%, with higher values at lower temperatures, but the optimum concentration for one-year old (1-0) nursery seedlings was 0.16% P. Growth of seedlings was greatly restricted at a soil temperature of 5°C and an air temperature of 12°C. At a soil temperature of 10°C and an air temperature of 14°C seedling P requirement was greater than at soil and air temperatures of 20°C.Comparison showed that monammonium phosphate was more effective than calcium superphosphate in stimulating growth in pots and nursery. Triple superphosphate was also effective in the nursery. Diammonium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and phosphoric acid had no advantages as P sources in the nursery. Available P levels of 100–130 ppm, in the loamy sand and sandy loam nurseries studied, and needle P concentrations of 0.18%, when sampled in October, were associated with maximum growth of two-year old (2-0) seedlings.P fertilization decreased root/shoot ratio, but did not alter the allometric relationship of shoot to root. Improving P status from a low level increased root growth capacity in 2-0 seedlings and P fertilization of potted seedlings increased dry weight/height ratio. Uptakes per seed bed ha of 236 kg N, 31 kg P, 81 kg K and 73 kg Ca by 2-0 seedlings were comparable with, or greater than, uptake rates of agricultural crops. Recoveries of 6–11% of P from fertilizer were recorded in the nursery.     

A comprehensive system of cosinor treatment programs written for the Apple II microcomputer

A comprehensive set of cosinor treatment programs has been written for an Apple II microcomputer. The system includes Single Cosinor, Mean (population) Cosinor and Serial Sections analyses as well as extensive graphics and file management. The package is integrated and used through a hierarchically ordered system of menus and choices. 48k memory and two disk drives are required, and both EPSON and SILENTYPE printers are supported.     

Factor analysis in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub)

Summary The pattern of diversity in forty genotypes of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub) was analysed using the centroid method of factor analysis based on nine characters. Three factors were found to adequately account for most of the intercorrelations in the four environments. Branches, clusters, pods and seed yield/plant could be grouped as productivity factors; days to flowering, maturity and plant height as growth factors; seeds/pod and gum content as economic factor. Interestingly, the constitution of the factors were the same in all the environments. The loadings on the economic factors were relatively unstable, whereas the loadings on productivity and growth factors were stable. It is concluded that productivity and growth factors play a pivotal role towards diversity in clusterbean. The results of factor analysis provides confirmatory evidence of diversity in clusterbean, which was earlier studied by using generalized distance, and thus proves the adequacy of the centroid method in biological investigations.     

Diet and status at Chalcatzingo: some empirical and technical aspects of strontium analysis.

Determination of the levels of particular trace elements preserved in bone provides a potential pathway for reconstructing the diet of extinct primate species and archaic human groups. Strontium is one of the most useful trace elements for dietary reconstruction but several empirical properties of strontium must be considered during the interpretation of results. (1) Strontium is distributed unevenly throughout the physical environment. (2) Plants, in general, do not discriminate against strontium. (3) During ionic transfer across biological membranes, strontium is discriminated against by terrestrial vertebrates. (4) It is unlikely that strontium would be selectively removed from bone mineral during diagenesis. A particular difficulty in trace element analysis is caused by interaction between analytical technique and sample matrix. To assess this problem the skeletal population from Chalcatzingo was analyzed by two techniques: atomic absorption spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. The results from the two techniques compared favorably indicating that the pattern of bone strontium levels could be accepted as an accurate reflection of the distribution of bone strontium within the population. After demonstrating the internal accuracy of the results, the bone strontium level and position of social rank within Chalcatzingo were compared. Ethnographic and archaeological evidence on chiefdoms and states indicate that dietary differences in the amount of meat consumed occur between social ranks. The relative social ranks were reconstructed by using a "pattern analysis" of the burial goods accompanying each individual. The individuals accompanied by jade had the lowest mean bone strontium level (X = 532). Those individuals buried with a shallow dish had a slightly higher level (X = 635). A third group, which had no grave goods, had the highest mean bone strontium level (X = 700) which suggests that their diet contained less meat than was available to the rest of the community.     

Locomotor adaptations within the Cercopithecus Genus: a multivariate approach.

Multivariate analysis as a technique for investigating locomotor differentiation among primates has proven its power and usefulness in many studies on various skeletal dimensions. In these analyses primate genera were distributed and sometimes clustered in a manner that was interpretable based on current knowledge of gross locomotor differences. In an effort to advance our understanding of arboreality and terrestriality in primates, the present research involves a careful look for the most subtle morphological differences in locomotor behavior. It is believed that by looking at such subtle shape differences an understanding of what it means morphologically for a primate to be either more or less arboreal may be achieved. The species within the primate genus Cercopithecus were analyzed. This genus includes species which may be placed along a habitat (ground-living to tree-dwelling) or activity spectrum. The different habitats or activity patterns clearly require slight variations in patterns of movement, which in turn may require subtle structural adaptations. Multivariate analyses of 67 postcranial variables on seven species within the genus allowed detection of slight degrees of morphological variation. However, when morphological differences are small, size variance among specimens may take on an inflated importance. A substantial amount of work was devoted to finding the least biased method of removing size variance from the variables while incorporating a discrete size variable into the study. Using these transformed skeletal variables, interspecific groupings were discovered. Much of this infrastructure is then related to differing locomotor behavior and provides an insight into the fine structure of primate locomotor adaptation in an arboreal habitat.     

Theoretical investigations on circular and chain-like hydrogen bonded structures found in two crystal forms of α-cyclodextrin hexahydrate: Models for hydration and water clusters

Hydration of macromolecules and the structure of water of crystallization are not understood in detail because in these complex systems. H-atoms cannot be located and the hydrogen bonding schemes are not known. X-ray and neutron diffraction studies on a hydrated oligosaccharide, α-cyclodextrin 6H₂O, ((C₆H₁₀O₅)₆·6H₂O), crystals forms A and B, gave insight into the chain-like and circular arrangement of hydrogen bonds. In the circles, homodromic (unidirectional) and antidromic (counter-running) orientation of five to six hydrogen bounds is observed. PCILO calculations showed that homodromic circles and chains are approx. 8% per hydrogen bond more stable than antidromic circles, that the changes in electronic charges on H and O atoms are greater in homo than in antidromic systems and that the dipole moments are only approx. 3 D in the homodromic circles but 6–8 D in chain-like and antidromic arrangement. These results have been interpreted in terms of cooperative effect. Circular systems are considered as structural elements in hydration shells of macromolecules and in the assembly of ‘flickering’ water clusters.     

Effect of food-deprivation on rat pancreatic islet cells

Somatostatin, insulin and glucagon concentrations in rat pancreas were measured following various intervals of food-deprivation. Tissue concentrations, as measured by radioimmunoassay, were correlated with A-, B-, and D-cell number and size using a scanning integrating image analyzer (Quantimet 720). Alterations in total islet hormone content were not correlated to changes in size or distribution of cells. This implies that changes in tissue content reflect changes in turnover of peptides rather than changes in cell size or number.