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正TYPES OF ARTICLES●FORMATS OF ARTICLES●HOW TO SUBMIT A MANUSCRIPT●PUBLICATION FEES●TYPES OF ARTICLES1.Research articles Research articles belong to the full length article type,and should include elements as follows:title,running title,and byline;correspondent footnote;abstract;introduction;materials and methods;results;discussion;acknowledgements;author contributions;references;figure legends and figures/tables.The article length should not exceed 6,000 words,and detailed requirements are in the     

Preimaginal development,adult longevity and fecundity ofEncarsia inaron (Hym.: Aphelinidae) parasitizingSiphoninus phillyreae (Hom.: Aleyrodidae) in California

A laboratory study of preimaginal development, adult longevity and fecundity ofEncarsia inaron (Walker) was conducted. Preimaginal developmental times varied with temperature, from 55–60 d at 15±1°C to 14–17 d at 30±1°C. No development took place at 10°C, which was approximately the developmental minimum estimated from regression analysis of developmental rates vs. temperature in the range 15–30°C. Development was slowed and survival was reduced at 32°C. Females lived an average of 18.6 days and laid a average of 159 eggs/female at 25°C. At 25°C, average preimaginal survival was 59.3%, and the sex ratio was 73.5% female. The net reproductive rate (R₀) forE. inaron calculated from these studies was 69.3, while the intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.1686 individuals per individual per day. Oviposition was concentrated slightly in third instar nymphs of the host.     

The predatory mite Hypoaspis miles: biological and demographic characteristics on two prey species, the mushroom sciarid fly, Lycoriella solani, and the mould mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The biology of Hypoaspis miles Berlese (Acarina: Hypoaspidae) fed on mushroom sciarid larvae (Lycoriella solani Winnertz) (Diptera: Lycoriidae) and mould mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae), was investigated by laboratory experiments at 20 °C, 75% r.h. and LD16:D8 hours. H. miles had a significantly shorter development time and a significantly lower juvenile mortality when fed on sciarid larvae than on mould mites, the development time being 14.5 days and the mortality 3.5% on the former prey. The preoviposition and postoviposition periods of H. miles were not uninfluenced by the prey species and were 5–9 and 32–37 days, respectively. Oviposition periods of 53.2 and 68.5 days and female longevities of 82 and 109.6 days were observed on diets of sciarid larvae and mould mites, respectively. Male longevity (168–219 days) was uninfluenced by the prey species. The egg production of H. miles on sciarid larvae was estimated to be 44.4 ± 4.33 eggs per female, as compared to 22.43 ± 1.79 eggs per female on mould mites. The sex-ratio of the offspring was significantly influenced by the prey species, the ratios (/(+)) being 0.66 on sciarid larvae and 0.54 on mould mites. The net reproductive rate (R₀) for H. miles fed on sciarid larvae was approximately 27 which was three times higher than for mites feeding on mould mites. The innate capacity of increase (r_m) was highest (0.0747 day^–1) when sciarid larvae served as food, giving a doubling time of 9.3 days as compared to 12.8 days on mould mites. The generation times were 44.28 on sciarid larvae and 40.67 days on mould mites. The daily food consumption rate of juvenile and adult H. miles was 0.24 and 0.86 sciarid larvae and 10.8 and 21.7 mould mites, respectively. In terms of weight consumed, however, the consumption of sciarid larvae was 2–3.5 times the weight of mould mites. The ratio of females to males influenced the oviposition period and egg production of H. miles, with virgin females laying fewer eggs over a longer period of time as compared with females with access to males. The egg production in relation to the sex-ratio was described by models predicting a maximum number of eggs per female of 22.3 to be attained at a sex ratio of 0.69 (/(+)) and a maximum daily number of eggs per female of 0.33 to be attained at a sex ratio of 0.37 (/(+)).     

赤爱胜蚯蚓(Eisenia Foetida Sarigny)纤溶酶的研究 Ⅶ.纤溶酶片释放度的研究

本文采用紫外分光光度法对纤溶酶片的释放度进行了测定研究,释放T5O为45分钟,释放时间80分钟,释放量不少于70％。本测定方法快速简便,适宜生产中控制药品质量,进一步指导生产。     

A new mathematical evaluation of smoking problem based of algebraic statistical method

Smoking problem is considered as one of the hot topics for many years. In spite of overpowering facts about the dangers, smoking is still a bad habit widely spread and socially accepted. Many people start smoking during their gymnasium period. The discovery of the dangers of smoking gave a warning sign of danger for individuals. There are different statistical methods used to analyze the dangers of smoking. In this study, we apply an algebraic statistical method to analyze and classify real data using Markov basis for the independent model on the contingency table. Results show that the Markov basis based classification is able to distinguish different date elements. Moreover, we check our proposed method via information theory by utilizing the Shannon formula to illustrate which one of these alternative tables is the best in term of independent.     

Mortality of a heterogeneous cohort; description and implications

"A recent model for heterogeneous mortality by Vaupel et al....is shown to be based on incorrect definitions. An alternative formulation is presented. The results indicate that current methods for computing the survivorship and life expectation functions underestimate the true values. A method is given for determining the possible magnitude of this underestimation. The method is illustrated by a numerical example using U.S. data."     

Village composition implied by a paleodemographic life table: The Libben Site

Lovejoy and colleagues excavated some 1327 skeletons deposited around 800 to 1100 A.D. at a site near Lake Erie in Ohio, called Libben. Examination of the implications of the life table presented for the living group which produced the cemetery shows that it would have had to be an extremely young population, in which many of the children would be orphans, in which the adults would have had to work hard and effectively to support the group, and almost none of whom would have lived long enough to become grandparents. The unusual and implausible features of the population structure can be interpreted as direct evidence on prehistoric living conditions, or alternatively, as a caution that the life table may include sources of error or bias.     

Testing Quasi-Independence in Stratified Triangular Contingency Tables

A special class of incomplete contingency tables has structural zeroes in one or more cells. Some of these tables have a triangular appearance in the sense that they are square and their cells are known a priori to contain zeroes above (or below) their main diagonals. We propose methods of analyzing log-linear models and testing quasi-independence in these triangular tables. We also offer a method for combining such tables that are stratified by a concomitant categorical variable. This strategy follows the same approach used in a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test.