EFFECTS OF DISTURBANCE ON EPIPHYTIC COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE1

Microdistributional patterns of attached algal communities on Cladophora and glass slides were compared under varying disturbance regimes in the Upper Mississippi River, using light and scanning electron microscopy. Localized physical disturbance, induced by boat traffic and wind-generated wave action in the main channel, inhibited development of complex attached algal communities and maintained an adnate flora with two-dimensional architecture. In contrast, communities protected from disturbance developed a more complex, three-dimensional architecture. A high degree of architectural similarity was observed between communities on Cladophora and glass substrates exposed to similar levels of disturbance. Communities exposed to severe disturbance resembled ones in early stages of colonization and development, whereas less disturbed communities were similar to ones in advanced stages of development. These results demonstrated that turbulence strongly influences the community structure of periphyton on both micro and macro scale levels.     

2001—2010年黄河流域生态系统植被净第一性生产力变化及气候因素驱动分析

基于MODIS-NDVI遥感数据,利用CASA模型分析黄河流域2001—2010年植被净第一性生产力（NPP）的空间分布格局,并结合同期气温和降水量数据,分别从不同空间和时间尺度上分析了黄河流域6种生态系统类型区域植被NPP的变化趋势,并对其与气候因素的相关关系进行分析.结果表明： 植被NPP空间分布呈西北低、东南高的分布特征,平均NPP年总量为108.53 Tg C,植被NPP的分布与生态系统类型呈现较高的相关性;2001—2010年,植被NPP总体呈上升趋势但波动较大,55.4%的面积呈现增加趋势,不同生态系统类型区域呈现不同的变化趋势;在年际水平上,黄河流域植被NPP变化与气候因素没有显著相关性,但在月际水平上呈现了较高的相关性,降水量和气温对植被NPP变化的影响作用相当;不同生态系统类型对气候因素呈现不同的相关性质以及时滞效应,草地对降水量的响应存在一定程度的时滞效应,荒漠对气温存在时滞效应.     

塔里木河下游土壤水分与植被时空变化特征

运用变异系数、Pearson相关和回归的方法,分析了塔里木河下游2002-2006年土壤水分的时空变化和植被的分布,以及二者之间的相互关系。结果表明:土壤含水率水平空间分布随离水源地距离增加而降低,垂直分布随土层深度的增加而增加;0-60cm土壤含水率变异性最小,属中等变异性;60cm以下土壤含水量变异性增大,属强变异性;土壤含水率的时间变化受生态输水量和持续时间的制约。土壤含水率与植被的时空分布具有同步性;植被特征指数与80-280cm土壤含水率显著相关,且二者与地下水埋深均呈现极显著负相关,说明60cm以下的土壤含水率显著影响植被的生长和分布,而且地下水位是影响土壤水分和植被时空变异的主要因素。     

Biology, fisheries, and conservation of sturgeons and paddlefish in China

This paper reviews five of the eight species of acipenseriforms that occur in China, chiefly those of the Amur and Yangtze rivers. Kaluga Huso dauricus and Amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii are endemic to the Amur River. Both species still support fisheries, but stocks are declining due to overfishing. Acipenseriformes of the Yangtze River are primarily threatened by hydroelectric dams that block free passage to spawning and feeding areas. The Chinese paddlefish Psephurus gladius now is rare in the Yangtze River system, and its spawning activities were severely limited by completion of the Gezhouba Dam in 1981. Since 1988, only 3–10 adult paddlefishes per year have been found below the dam. Limited spawning still exists above the dam, but when the new Three Gorges Dam is complete, it will further threaten the paddlefish. Artificial propagation appears to be the only hope for preventing extinction of P. gladius, but it has yet to be successfully bred in captivity. Dabry's sturgeon A. dabryanus is a small, exclusively freshwater sturgeon found only in the Yangtze River system. It is concentrated today in reaches of the main stream above Gezhouba Dam. The fishery has been closed since 1983, but populations continue to decline. Acipenser dabryanus has been cultured since the 1970s, and holds promise for commercial aquaculture; availability of aquacultural methods offers hope for enhancing natural populations. The Chinese sturgeon A. sinensis occurs in the Yangtze and Pearl rivers and seas of east Asia. There is still disagreement about the taxonomy of the Pearl and Yangtze River populations. The Yangtze River population is anadromous. Adults begin spawning at about age 14 years (males) and 21 years (females), and adults spend over 15 months in the river for reproduction. Spawning sites of A. sinensis were found every year since 1982 below the Gezhouba Dam, but it seems that insufficient suitable ground is available for spawning. Since 1983, commercial fishing has been prohibited but more measures need to be taken such as establishing protected areas and characterizing critical spawning, summering and wintering habitats.     

利用导数光谱估算珠江河口水体悬浮泥沙浓度

悬浮泥沙不仅影响水体的生态状况,而且对河口地貌及岸线的演变起到重要作用。高光谱技术可用于船载、机载及星载的光学传感器上,被认为是监测光学复杂水体的有效工具。为研究高光谱技术在河口悬浮泥沙监测应用中的可行性,于2004年5月及2006年8月,在珠江口进行了两个航次的现场水质采样及同步光谱测量。测量的原始遥感反射率光谱的分辨率为0.38nm,处理成为10nm的带宽,并进一步处理成导数光谱。以悬浮颗粒物(SPM)表征悬浮泥沙,分析了SPM和各光谱间的相关性。结果显示,一阶导数光谱,特别是605nm,可用于河口水体的SPM估算。该研究结果可应用到光学复杂河口水体的悬浮泥沙现场监测,并且对Hyperion及环境1号等卫星成像高光谱数据有潜在的应用价值。     

Spring wetlands of the Great Artesian Basin,Queensland, Australia

The Great Artesian Basin is an aquifer system that underlies a large area of north-eastern Australia. The spring wetlands in the Great Artesian Basin are of conservation significance because they provide habitat for endemic species including fish, invertebrates and plants. Since European settlement massive quantities of water have been artificially extracted through bores, reducing spring-flows. Records of the springs of the Queensland section of the Great Artesian Basin (excluding Cape York Peninsula) were compiled from a range of historical sources. Most remaining active springs were visited and surveyed, the physical attributes of the springs described and their current status determined. Recharge springs occur in areas where the evidence suggests the basin is recharged by rainfall and 93% of the original 245 spring-groups in these areas are still active. Discharge springs occur in sections of the Basin down-gradient of the recharge areas and only 36% of the original 300 spring-groups in these areas have at least some springs that are still active. The capping of bores could provide a partial restoration of artesian pressure and enhance spring flows. Of the active spring-groups surveyed 26% have suffered major or total damage as a result of excavation of the wetlands. An emerging threat is the use of exotic grasses as ponded pastures, which have the ability to dominate the habitat of spring wetlands. The potential impacts of other threats including those associated with stock, exotic animals and fire are also discussed. Mitigating these threats requires a conservation strategy that seeks to protect remaining springs with high conservation values.     

金沙江河谷苏铁天然植物群落的研究

近年在金沙江干热河谷及其邻近地区陆续发现的苏铁天然植物群落,为本属植物在欧亚大陆内陆分布的最北边缘。其中,面积最大和保存较好的是渡口市攀枝花苏铁(Cycas panzhihuaensis)植物群落。本文研究了这个群落的分布与生境、生长状况、外貌、种类组成以及群落的综合特征等。认为具有稀树草原的特点,而这里的稀树草原是次生性质的,苏铁群落是其中幸存的残遗植被类型。这对研究我国植物地理有着重要意义。     

Morphology and Phylogeny of Calyptospora paranaidji n. sp. (Eimeriorina: Calyptosporidae), an Apicomplexan Parasite of the Hepatic Tissue of Cichla piquiti Kullander & Ferreira, 2006, From a Reservoir in the Brazilian Amazon Region

The coccidians of the family Calyptosporidae are parasites of the tissue and organs of fish and aquatic invertebrates, in particular in the tropical region. In contrast with other apicomplexans of the suborder Eimeriorina, the diversity and ecology of the species of the genus Calyptospora have been poorly investigated, resulting in a lacuna that restricts the understanding of the distribution and prevalence of this group of eukaryote microparasites in the Amazon region. In the present study, the integrated comparative analysis of morphological characteristics, histological and structural traits, and the sequences of a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene, provides support for the identification of a new species of Calyptospora, found parasitizing the hepatic tissue of the piscivorous blue peacock bass, Cichla piquiti, captured in the reservoir of the Estreito hydroelectric dam on the middle Tocantins River in northern Brazil. This new species was named Calyptospora paranaidji n. sp.     

Structure and composition of riparian forests with special reference to geomorphic site conditions along the Tokachi River,northern Japan

The structure and composition of riparian forests were examined along the Tokachi River, northern Japan. Both the hydrogeomorphic gradient and the temporal gradient were analyzed in attempt to explain the present pattern of riparian forests. The stability of floodplain surfaces was estimated on the basis of the elevation above the riverbed and the distance from the river channel. The characteristics of the substratum on which trees were established were also examined by excavation of buried sediment. The results indicated that soil moisture and organic content increased while the size of particles in the substratum decreased with increased elevation and distance from the river channel. Gradient analysis was employed to examine the distribution of dominant species, such as Alnus hirsuta, Toisusu urbaniana, Populus maximowiczii, Picea jezoensis and Abies sachalinensis. The relative dominance of each could be arrayed across the elevation gradient. Although the three broad-leaved pioneers dominated bars and floodplains near the river channel, their modes shifted from lower to higher elevation and amplitudes of distribution curves decreased in the following order: A. hirsuta, T. urbaniana, P. maximowiczii and conifers, which were located on the highest floodplains. Sites could be divided into three classes in terms of stability. There were fewer species at active sites, which favored the three pioneer species, but species richness and diversity increased with stand age. Semi-active and stable sites were more diverse with the establishment of conifers and other broad-leaved trees, which included upland species. However, species richness peaked and then decreased after trees reached 50 to 60 years of age. The growth of dwarf bamboo and the development of conifer-dominant stands impeded the establishment of other species, thereby reducing species richness and diversity in mature stands. Chronologically, floodplains could be differentiated into high- and low-frequency zones of flood disturbance, with pioneer species occupying the former, and late successional species found largely in the latter.