Biomass: Is it a useful tool in paleocommunity reconstruction?

In general, more of the biomass of the community is preserved than is its numerical abundance. Thus, the paleontologist, on the average, works with more of the community when biomass is used. Community characteristics such as taxon dominance and habitat proportions are at least as accurately derived from biomass as numerical abundance. The use of biomass is clearly more appropriate in describing energy flow and trophic proportions. Whenever possible, biomass should be used as a complement to numerical abundance in future paleoecologic reconstructions.     

A multivariate study of resource partitioning in soft bottom lotic Chironomidae

For two years a community of larval chironomid midges was studied in a sandy-run portion of a fourth order natural stream in SE Ohio, U.S.A. in order to determine if the species partitioned the spatial resources. The habitat structure was simplified from ten habitat variables to three significant principal components. The three eigenvectors were easily interpreted as sediment size, sediment heterogeneity, and organic deposition. Species abundances were loaded on these axes and niche metrics examined. Strong differences in habitat preference were demonstrated for midge species on each component. Also, there were no differences in distributions for the intraspecific instars for each species tested at a given time, but for each of the instars tested, their distributions were found to change from time to time. Apparently, individuals of a species, regardless of instar, simultaneously choose the same habitat, however, the preferred habitat may shift temporally due to change in resource availability, or niche expansion or compression due to competition.     

Floristic groups and plant communities of southeastern Santa Fe,Argentina

This paper is a survey of the vegetation of the southeastern departments in the Province of Santa Fe (Argentina). The vegetation was analyzed following Braun-Blanquet's approach modified by Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg (1974). The most relevant species of the region were placed in 25 groups according to their requirements or general behaviour. Most of the communities are herbaceous, and apart from the woody and some other miscellaneous ones they were grouped into three ecologically and floristically defined sets. The first set, the Stipa grasslands and related communities, which are characterized by the more or less abundant presence of Stipa hyalina, Stipa neesiana and Stipa papposa, comprises five different communities. The second, the halophilous communities, comprises five communities, the two Spartina ssp. grasslands, the halophilous prairies of Distichlis spicata, the short sedge Scirpus americanus communities and the ‘pela-dales’. The third, the hygrophilous communities, comprises nine communities which are not so well defined as the ones in the other sets. Besides, two further communities have been included, the Paspalum quadrifarium and the Melica macra tall grasslands.     

Estimation of the size of freshwater ciliate populations by a sub-sampling technique

A technique is described for the estimation of the size of ciliate populations based on replicated counts. Sample drops were taken by automatic pipettes of different volume from activated sludge and from a small oligotrophic stream. Specific aims were: 1) the estimation of the number of species; 2) the estimation of the number of individual in each species; 3) the selection of a suitable sub-sample size and number of replicates. For each volume the cumulative increase in species taken in successive sub-samples was determined. For each species the minimum permissible sub-sample volume and the number of replicates required for an allowable error of 10% and 25% were determined. Lastly, the relationship between the mean number of individuals counted for each species and the relative coefficient of variation was visualized.     

Phytoplankton community structure and distribution in the nearshore zone of Lake Ontario

Spatial and temporal distributions of phytoplankton were studied during 1979 in the nearshore zone of Lake Ontario. Genera such as Dinobryon, Oscillatoria, and Gymnodinium tended to be found at discrete depths whereas other genera such as Cryptomonas and Rhodomonas tended to be more uniformly distributed throughout the water column. The discrete depth distribution of some of these genera compared with the weak thermal stabilization of the area suggests depth selection and habitat preference within the algal community.Physical processes probably played a major role in regulating the timing and duration of vertical diatom pulses, and resuspension from the sediment played a major role as to the timing of the autumn growth. Vertical mixing in the nearshore zone was sufficient for some diatom genera such as Tabellaria to maintain populations throughout the summer. These mixing processes, however, affect the stability of community structures and associations that develop within the water column. The role of physical processes and their potential effects on algal production in the Great Lakes is discussed.     

贵州部分森林群落物种多样性初步研究

 本文根据贵州省178个森林群落样地的数据研究了群落物种的多样性。测定的指标有群 落物种丰富度,群落Simpson多样性指数和群落均匀度。测定结果表明;不同垂直带生物气 候条件下的森林群落有不同的多样性。相同垂直带生物气候条件下,基质生境相同时,不同森林植被亚型的群落的多样性近似,基质生境不同时,群落多样性则不同;同一群落类型的各个样地的多样性也有变化,结构不同的群落个体,其多样性指数不同,演替趋势也不同。乔木第二亚层的多样性普遍地高于乔木第一亚层。同一演替系列中,越接近顶极阶段多样性越高。多样性指数与群落物种丰富度,均匀度呈紧密的正相关,与群落个体总数没有相关。认为多样性测定在比较、说明群落的结构、类型、组织特征、生境、演替等方面有一定意义。     

Effects of stormwater sewer discharges on the aquatic community in urban canals in Lelystad

In urban areas with a separate sewerage system, the stormwater runoff is discharged into surface waters. A study on the effects of stormwater sewer discharges on the composition of the aquatic community in urban waters was carried out in two areas with a primarily residential use in the new town of Lelystad. The aquatic organisms considered included hydrophytes, epiphytic diatoms, filamentous algae and macroinvertebrates.The results indicate that the stormwater sewer discharges cause a slight change in the composition of the aquatic community. The water in the urban surface waters can be characterized as eutrophic and - toa-mesosaprobic. Near stormwater sewer outfalls the water tends to the more polluteda-mesosaprobic state. The shifts in the composition of the aquatic community could be traced primarily on the basis of a number of epiphytic diatoms and macroinvertebrates (in particular some Diptera and Trichoptera). Most hydrophytes, filamentous algae and the remaining epiphytic diatoms and macroinvertebrates (in particular water beetles and water mites) turned out to be of little or no use in this respect.Because the investigation was carried out in an unusually dry summer, the results probably underestimate the effects of stormwater discharges on the aquatic community.     

肠道鞭毛虫群落及在宿主白蚁分类学上的意义

于国内五个常见白蚁种肠道内共记录到十七个鞭毛虫种。鞭毛虫种群具特异性和稳定性。群落相的变异度反映了宿主白蚁亲缘关系的离散度。异域同种白蚁肠道鞭毛虫群落显示稳定的同一相,同属异种白蚁的鞭毛虫群落部分相同;异科异属或同科异属白蚁的鞭毛虫群落绝然相异。 鉴于传统的生物分类法已明显地显示出其片面性及局限性,为此,人们正试图从其它学科领域,各个不同角度去探索能更客观反映各物种在系统发生上关系的新分类法。迄今,精确定性的生化分类、免疫分类和以群体力对象的定量的数量分类等已倪露头角,从而为以形态描述为主的经典生物分类学注入了新的活力。 本文试图通过对白蚁肠道鞭毛虫群落及种群的研究而借以探讨其在宿主白蚁系统分类研究中的潜在意义。     

图们江流域林区居民点鸟类群落的研究

居民点鸟类与人类关系极为密切,在居民点生态系统中起着不可忽视的作用,因此对其生态学的研究具有一定意义。杜恒勤(1958、1959)、周昌乔等(1959)、钱国桢(1964)、郑光美(1965、1982),赵正阶(1981)等,对麻雀、家燕、金腰燕等居民点鸟类进行过大量种群生态学研究。居民点鸟类群落研究和数量统计,尚未见有报道。     

Vertical community structure and resource utilization in neotropical forest cockroaches

ABSTRACT.

• 1 Patterns of vertical habitat use of ten species of cockroaches are examined. Three assemblages of cockroaches are recognized on the basis of morphology, foraging behaviour, foraging heights, and overlaps and breadths of vertical distributions.
• 2 Three apterous and brachypterous species occur near the ground and comprise one assemblage. They feed mainly on material in the leaf-litter.
• 3 Species that perch higher either migrate into the leaf-litter on a diel basis and feed on both leaf-litter and epiphyllic materials, or some are strictly arboreal and forage on algae, liverworts, lichens, spores, pollen and trichomes on the surfaces of leaves.
• 4 Trophic and behavioural correlations with perch height are described and the functions of perching are examined.
• 5 We conclude that studies of interactions among species are confounded by our lack of understanding of stage- and sex-specific interactions of coexisting species. A simplistic ‘species’approach to such interactions is inadequate because it does not recognize intraspecific variation.